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| | Image = ingrown_nail_002.jpg | | | Image = ingrown_nail_002.jpg |
| | Caption = | | | Caption = |
| | DiseasesDB = 29440
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| | ICD10 = L60.0
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| | ICD9 = {{ICD9|703.0}}
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| {{SI}} | | {{Ingrown nail}} |
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| {{CMG}} | | '''For patient information, click [[Ingrown nail (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}} {{KS}} |
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| {{SK}} Ingrown toenails; ingrowing nails; ingrown nails; unguis incarnatus | | {{SK}} Ingrown toenails; ingrowing nails; ingrown nails; unguis incarnatus |
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| ==Overview== | | == [[Ingrown nail overview|Overview]] == |
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| '''Ingrown nail''' is a common form of [[nail disease]]. It is a painful condition in which the [[nail (anatomy)|nail]] grows or cuts into one or both sides of the [[Nail (anatomy)#Parts of the fingernail|nail bed]]. While ingrown nails can occur in both the nails of the hand and feet, they occur most commonly with [[toenail]]s.
| | == [[Ingrown nail historical perspective|Historical Perspective]] == |
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| ==Pathophysiology== | | == [[Ingrown nail classification|Classification]] == |
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| If an ingrown nail is left untreated, there exists a high risk of dangerous [[infection]]. The mechanism of how and why this infection occurs is as follows: When the skin around the nail gets infected, it begins to swell up and put even more pressure against the nail. Ingrown nails can produce a spear shaped wedge of nail on the lateral side of the toe which will progressively become more embedded into the toe tissue as the nail grows forward. In the worst case, the swelling will begin putting sideways pressure on the nail, causing it to grow at a slant. This will cause both sides of the nail to eventually become ingrown and swollen. Eventually the swollen parts of the skin will begin to harden and fold over the nail.
| | == [[Ingrown nail pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] == |
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| ===Gross Pathology=== | | == [[Ingrown nail causes|Causes]] == |
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| <gallery>
| | == [[Ingrown nail differential diagnosis|Differentiating Ingrown nail from other Diseases]] == |
| Image:Toe (28).JPG|Chronically ingrown toenail (that twice had failed wedge resections on both sides)
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| Image:Ingrown1.jpg|A resected wedge from the left side of the left big toe, shown to scale.
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| Image:Reene ingrown nail postop.jpg|Post-surgery toe with removed nail shard
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| </gallery>
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| ==Causes== | | == [[Ingrown nail epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]] == |
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| ===Common Causes=== | | == [[Ingrown nail risk factors|Risk Factors]] == |
| *Poor maintenance: Cutting the nail too short, rounded off at the tip or peeled off at the edges (versus being cut straight across), is likely to cause [[ingrowth]].
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| *Ill-fitting shoes: Those that are too narrow or too short, can cause bunching of the toes in the developmental stages of the foot (frequently in people under 21), causing the nail to curl and dig into the skin.
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| *[[Trauma]] to the nail plate or toe, such as stubbing the toenail, dropping things on the toe and 'going through the end of your shoes' in sports, can cause the flesh to become injured and the nail to grow irregularly and press into the flesh.
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| *Predisposition, like abnormally shaped nail beds, nail deformities caused by diseases, and a [[genetics|genetic]] susceptibility to nail problems can mean a tendency for ingrowth.
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| ==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | | == [[Ingrown nail natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] == |
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| Many '''complications''' of an ingrown nail exist, especially if the nail is left untreated. An untreated ingrown toenail will cause a person to walk with a limp, which over a long period of time may cause further pain and injury to the foot, leg and [[back]] owing to improper distribution of weight. Other non-direct effects of seriously ingrown nails include lack of [[exercise]], constant and unrelenting [[pain]] and pressure, the spread of [[infection]], loss of [[appetite]], inability to move around, and psychological effects (like [[anxiety]], [[Stress (medicine)|stress]] and feelings of despair). [[Amputation]] of the toe, foot or leg may be the final outcome if the infection is left untreated long enough for [[gangrene]] to set in. An untreated infection may also lead to a condition known as [[osteomyelitis]], where the infection spreads to the bone of the infected digit. Once in the bone, the infection is more difficult to remove and may require the intravenous treatment of [[antibiotics]]. One should always consult a doctor when infection is present.
| | == Diagnosis == |
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| ==Diagnosis==
| | [[Ingrown nail history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Ingrown nail physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Ingrown nail laboratory findings|Laboratory tests]] |
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| ===Symptoms=== | | == Treatment == |
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| Pain along the margins of the nail (caused by [[hypergranulation]]), worsening of pain when wearing shoes or other tight articles of clothing, and sensitivity to pressure of any kind, even that of light bedding may be present. Bumping of an affected toe with objects can produce sharp, even excruciating, pain as the tissue is punctured further by the ingrown nail. By the very nature of the condition, ingrown nails become easily infected unless special care is taken to treat the condition early on and keep the area as clean as possible. Signs of infection include redness and swelling of the area around the nail and drainage of [[pus]] and watery discharge tinged with [[blood]]. The main symptom is swelling at the base of the nail on whichever side (if not both sides) the ingrowing nail is forming.
| | [[Ingrown nail medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Ingrown nail surgery|Surgery]] | [[Ingrown nail primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Ingrown nail secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Ingrown nail cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]] |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Case Studies== |
| Treatment of ingrown nails ranges from soaking the afflicted area to surgery. The appropriate method is dictated by the severity of the condition. In nearly all cases, drainage of blood or watery discharge should mean a trip to the doctor, usually a [[podiatrist]], a specialist trained explicitly to treat these conditions. Most practitioners agree that trying to ''outwait'' the condition is nearly always fruitless, as well as agonizing.
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| ===Pharmacotherapy===
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| ====Acute Pharmacotherapies====
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| When the case of an ingrown nail is not severe, there are treatments that can be completed at home without a doctor's help. In mild cases doctors recommend daily soaking of the afflicted digit in a mixture of warm water and [[Epsom salts]] and applying an [[Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]] [[antiseptic]]. This might allow the nail to grow out so it may be trimmed properly and the flesh to heal. A simple yet extremely painful procedure for mild ingrowth (i.e., where infection is absent) requires small scissors to trim the nail completely along the nail margin down to the lateral base. This hopefully allows the embedded piece of nail to be pushed back and out from the toe tissue. It should be noted that infection may be somewhat difficult to prevent in cleaning and treating ingrown nails owing to the warm, dark, and damp environment in shoes. [[Peroxide]] is immediately effective to help clean minor infections but [[iodine]] is more effective in the long term as it continues to prevent bacterial growth even after it is dry. Iodine should not be used on deep wounds. In such cases a physician or podiatrist should be consulted. Also, bandages can help keep out bacteria but one should ''never'' apply any of the new types of spray-on bandages to ingrown nails that show any discharge - preventing drainage will likely cause intense swelling and pain.
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| It is also advisable to walk around barefoot so that air has a chance to circulate. Infections often become more painful when they are not exposed to air because bacteria grows more quickly in warmer conditions such as when the foot is impacted tightly in a shoe.
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| These home remedies are, in serious cases, ineffective: when the flesh is far too swollen and infected, it will not allow for these procedures to work. Thus, these more severe cases, such as when the area around the nail becomes infected or the nail will not grow back properly, must be treated by a professional and the patient should avoid repeated attempts at this type of 'bathroom surgery.'
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| ====Chronic Pharmacotherapies====
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| For long term treatment, [[Iodine]] would be the more effective treatment. Iodine continues to prevent bacterial growth even after it has dried.
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| ===Surgery and Device Based Therapy===
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| '''Phenolisation'''<ref name="pmid10800276">{{cite journal |author=Kominsky SJ, Daniels MD |title=A modified approach to the phenol and alcohol chemical partial matrixectomy |journal=[[Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association]] |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=208–10 |year=2000 |month=April |pmid=10800276 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-08-06}}</ref> is a method that can be employed to help heal an ingrown nail. Following injection of a [[local anesthetic]] at the base of the toenail and perhaps application of a tourniquet, the surgeon will remove ([[ablation|ablate]]) the edge of the nail growing into the flesh. He will then destroy the matrix area with [[phenol]] to permanently and selectively ablate the matrix that is manufacturing the ingrown portion of the nail (i.e., the nail margin). This is known as a partial [[matrixectomy]], phenolisation, phenol [[avulsion]] or partial [[nail avulsion]] with matrix phenolisation. Also, any infection is surgically drained. After this date, other suggestions on aftercare will be made, such as salt water bathing of the digit in question. The point of the procedure is that the nail does not grow back where the matrix has been cauterized and so the chances of further ingrowth are very low. The nail is slightly (usually one millimeter or so) narrower than prior to the procedure and is barely noticeable one year later. The surgery is advantageous because it can be performed in the doctor's office under local anesthesia with minimal pain following the intervention. Also, there is no visible scar on the surgery site and a nominal chance of recurrence. The procedure will fail in about 2 to 3 times out of a hundred.
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| A '''wedge resection''' is a partial removal of the nail or an offending piece of nail. It is more complex than a complete nail avulsion (removal). Here, the digit is first injected with a common [[local anesthetic]]. When the area is numb, the physician will perform an [[onychotomy]] in which the nail along the edge that is growing into the skin is cut away ([[ablation|ablated]]) and the offending piece of nail is pulled out. Any infection is surgically drained. This process is referred to as a wedge resection or simple surgical [[ablation]] and is non-permanent (i.e., the nail will re-grow from the matrix). The entire procedure may be performed in a physician's office and takes approximately thirty to forty-five minutes depending on the extent of the problem.
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| It should be noted that some physicians will '''not''' perform a complete nail avulsion (removal) under ''any'' but the most extreme circumstances. In most cases, these physicians will remove both sides of a toenail (even if one side is not currently ingrown) and coat the nail matrix on both of those sides with a chemical or acid (usually phenol) to prevent re-growth. This leaves the majority of the nail intact, but ensures that the problem of ingrowth will not re-occur.
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| There are some disadvantages in performing a wedge resection. If the nail matrix is not coated with the applicable chemical or acid ([[phenol]]) and is allowed to re-grow, this method is prone to failure. Also, the underlying condition can still become symptomatic as the nail grows out over the course of up to a year: the nail matrix might be manufacturing a nail that is simply too curved, thick, wide or otherwise irregular to allow for normal growth. Furthermore, the flesh can be injured very easily by concussion, tight socks, quick twisting motions while walking or just the fact the nail is growing incorrectly (likely too wide). This [[hypersensitivity]] to continued injury can mean chronic ingrowth; the solution is nearly always edge [[avulsion]] by the highly successful phenolisation.
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| '''CO2 laser surgery''' is another surgical procedure that can be used to treat an ingrown nail. Following injection of a local [[anesthetic]] at the basis of the toe and perhaps application of a small tourniquet, the surgeon will remove ([[ablation|ablate]]) the edge of the nail growing into the flesh and [[cauterize]] the matrix area by laser photocoagulation. This too is known as a partial matrixectomy or partial nail avulsion. The point of the procedure is that the nail does NOT grow back where the matrix has been cauterized and so the chances of further ingrowth are very low. The nail is slightly (usually one millimeter or so) narrower than prior to the procedure.
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| There are a few disadvantages to '''CO2 laser surgery''' in that sutures are usually necessary, and there is post-operative pain due to the wound and scar.
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| A '''nail avulsion (removal)''' is an extreme option for fixing an ingrown nail. While in some similar cases patients may wish to have the offending nail completely temporarily removed ([[avulsion]]), this procedure is not recommended by nail experts because the postoperative period is long and painful. Furthermore, complete removal of a whole nail does not always prevent recurrences. In case of recurrence in spite of complete removal, and if the patient never feels any pain before inflammation occurs, the condition is more likely to be [[onychia]] which is often confused for an ingrown or ingrowing nail (onychocryptosis).
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| Complete removal of a whole nail is a simple procedure. Here, [[anesthetic]] is injected, the nail is removed quickly and painlessly and the patient can leave immediately. The entire procedure can be performed in around 10 minutes and is much less complex than a '''wedge resection'''. The nail will grow back. However, in most cases it will cause further problems because it can become ingrown very easily as the nail grows outward. It can become easily injured by concussion and in some cases grows back too thick, too wide or deformed. This procedure can thus result in chronic ingrown nails and is therefore considered a generally unsuccessful solution, especially considering the pain involved.
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| Accordingly, in some cases as determined by a doctor, the nail matrix is coated with a chemical (usually phenol) so none of the nail will ever grow back. This is known as a permanent or full nail [[avulsion]], or full matrixectomy, phenolisation, or full phenol [[avulsion]]. As can be seen in the images below, the nail-less toe looks much like a normal toe and fake nails or nail varnish can still be applied to the area.
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| [[Image:ToeGN.jpg|center|640px|Toe healing process after nail removal.]]
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| ====Post-Operative Management====
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| For a '''Wedge resection''', the patient is allowed to go home immediately and the recovery time is anywhere from a few days to a week barring any complications such as infection. As a followup, a physician may prescribe an [[Wiktionary:oral|oral]] or [[topical]] antibiotic or a special soak to be used for approximately a week after the surgery.
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| ===Primary Prevention===
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| The most common place for ingrown nails is in the big toe but ingrowth can occur on any nail. Ingrown nails can be avoided by cutting nails straight across; nails should not be cut along a curve, nor should they be cut too short. Footwear which is too small, either in size or width, or those with too shallow a 'toe box' will exacerbate any underlying problem with a toenail.
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| Ingrown toe nails can be caused by injury, commonly concussion where the flesh is pressed against the nail causing a small cut that swells. Also, injury to the nail can cause it to grow abnormally, making it thicker or wider than normal or even bulged or crooked. Stubbing the toenail, dropping things on the toe and 'going through the end of your shoes' in sports are common injuries to the digits. Injuries to the toes can be prevented by wearing shoes most of the time, especially when working or playing.
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| One myth is that a V should be cut in the end of the ingrown nail; this myth is untrue. The reasoning of the myth is that if one cuts a V in the nail, the edge of the nail will grow together as the nail grows out. This does not happen - the shape of the nail is determined by the growing area at the base of the toe and not by the end of the nail.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=12614420&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum Aksakal, A. B., E. Ozsoy, et al] (2003). "Silicone gel sheeting for the management and prevention of onychocryptosis." Dermatol Surg 29(3): 261-4.
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| * Boll OF. Surgical correction of ingrowing toenails. J Natl Assoc Chiroprod. 1945; 35:8-9.
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| * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=15846620&query_hl=10&itool=pubmed_docsum Rounding C, Bloomfield S.] Surgical treatment for ingrowing toenails (Cohrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=12438504&query_hl=8&itool=pubmed_docsum Boberg JS & al.] Scientific analysis of phenol nail surgery. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2002;92(10):575-9
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| | [[Ingrown nail case study one|Case #1]] |
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| | [[ru:Онихокриптоз]] |
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| [[Category:Nail diseases]] | | [[Category:Nail diseases]] |
| [[Category:Dermatology]] | | [[Category:Dermatology]] |
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| <br>
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| [[ru:Онихокриптоз]]
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