Hyponatremia risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saeedeh Kowsarnia M.D.[2]

Overview

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk fac tor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.

Risk Factors

  • Strenuous exercise like marathon and triathlon runner [1]
  • Institutionalize schizophrenic patients
  • Excess intake of water with no protein intake (↓ urea excretion causes ↓water excretion) like potomania
  • Severe kidney disease
  • Diuretics especially thiazides (low body weight, tendency to increased water intake, decreased diluting ability of kidney,and hypokalemia increase the risk for thiazide associated hyponatremia) [2]
  • Drugs with different mechanisms
  • Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuresis (SIAD): SIADH and gain of function mutation of v2 receptors
  • Chronic diseases cirrhosis, congestive heart failure
  • Hospitalized patients those with pneumonia, persons admitted to Intensive care unit, post surgery, patients with central nervous system disorder and patients receiving hypotonic fluid [3]
  • Elderly patients, those who had previous episodes of hyponatremia [4]   

References

  1. Christopher S. D. Almond, Andrew Y. Shin, Elizabeth B. Fortescue, Rebekah C. Mannix, David Wypij, Bryce A. Binstadt, Christine N. Duncan, David P. Olson, Ann E. Salerno, Jane W. Newburger & David S. Greenes (2005). "Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon". The New England journal of medicine. 352 (15): 1550–1556. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043901. PMID 15829535. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. Alexander A. Leung, Adam Wright, Valeria Pazo, Andrew Karson & David W. Bates (2011). "Risk of thiazide-induced hyponatremia in patients with hypertension". The American journal of medicine. 124 (11): 1064–1072. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.06.031. PMID 22017784. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. K. A. Neville, C. F. Verge, A. R. Rosenberg, M. W. O'Meara & J. L. Walker (2006). "Isotonic is better than hypotonic saline for intravenous rehydration of children with gastroenteritis: a prospective randomised study". Archives of disease in childhood. 91 (3): 226–232. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.084103. PMID 16352625. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. T. J. Wilkinson, E. J. Begg, A. C. Winter & R. Sainsbury (1999). "Incidence and risk factors for hyponatraemia following treatment with fluoxetine or paroxetine in elderly people". British journal of clinical pharmacology. 47 (2): 211–217. PMID 10190657. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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