Hypocalcemia: Difference between revisions


Hypocalcemia Microchapters
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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Hypocalcemia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

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Medical Therapy

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Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Hypocalcemia On the Web

Most recent articles

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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hypocalcemia All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Hypocalcemia

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Hypocalcemia in the news

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Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypocalcemia

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [2]Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [3]

Synonyms and keywords: hypocalcemia; low serum calcium level; hypocalcaemia

	Resident Survival Guide

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Hypocalcemia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Case Studies

Case #1

Related Chapters

References

v t e Electrocardiography
Overview	History of the EKG • EKG interpretation basics • Normal sinus rhythm
EKG Complexes	P wave • QRS complex • ST Segment • T wave • T wave alternans • Tombstone T wave • U wave Osborn wave • H wave • K wave • Delta wave NSSTW changes
EKG Intervals	PR Interval • QRS Interval • ST Interval • QT Interval
Conduction System & Bradycardia	Cardiac pacemaker • SA node • AV node• Bundle of His • Purkinje fibers • Sinus bradycardia • First Degree AV Block • Second Degree AV Block • Complete or Third-Degree AV Block • Concealed conduction • AV Junctional Rhythms • LBBB • LAHB • LPHB • RBBB • Trifascicular block
Atrial Arrhythmias	Sinus tachycardia • Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs) • Ectopic Atrial Rhythm • Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) • Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) with Block • Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) • Atrial Flutter • Atrial Fibrillation • Wandering atrial pacemaker
Ventricular Arrhythmias	Differential Diagnosis of Tachycardia with a Wide QRS Complex • Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm • Ventricular Parasystole • Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) • Ventricular tachycardia • Ventricular Fibrillation • Sudden cardiac death
EKG Abnormalities in Disease States	Hypertrophy & Dilatation • Right atrial enlargement • Left atrial enlargement • Biatrial enlargement • Left Ventricular Hypertrophy • Right Ventricular Hypertrophy • Biventricular Hypertrophy • Acute myocardial infarction • NSTEMI • STEMI • Tombstone ST elevation • Right ventricular myocardial infarction • Atrial infarction Pre-excitation Syndromes • Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome • Lown Ganong Levine Syndrome • Mahaim Type Preexcitation Cardiomyopathies • Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia • Dilated Cardiomyopathy • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Drug Effects on the EKG • Adenosine • β-blockers • Digitalis • Quinidine • Procainamide • Disopyramide • Lidocaine • Tocainide and Mexiletine • Phenytoin • Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone • Amiodarone • Bretylium • Ca Channel Blockers • Phenothiazines • Tricyclic Antidepressants • Lithium Congenital Heart Disease • Dextrocardia • Atrial Septal Defect • Ventricular Septal Defect • Tetralogy of Fallot • Conjoined Twins or Siamese Twins • Congenital heart block Electrolyte Disturbances • Hyperkalemia • Hypokalemia • Hypercalcemia • Hypocalcemia • Nonspecific Changes Other Heart Diseases • Pericarditis • Myocarditis • Tamponade • Heart Transplantation • Sick Sinus Syndrome • Long QT Syndrome Inherited Disease • Brugada Syndrome Systemic Diseases • CNS Disease • Cardiac Tumors Heart Transplantation • EKG Changes in patient with Heart Transplantation Exogenous Effects • Hypothermia • Chest Trauma • Insect Bites • Electric Injuries
Technical Issues and Potential Errors in Interpretation	Artifacts • Lead Placement Errors • The EKG in a Patient with a Pacemaker • EKG in athletes

Template:WikiDoc Sources

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''For patient information, click [[Hypocalcemia (patient information)|here]]'''
+__NOTOC__
+{{Hypocalcemia}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{VKG}}{{Vbe}}
+{{SK}} hypocalcemia; low serum calcium level; hypocalcaemia
+{| class="infobox" style="float: right;"
+| style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" align=center | [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Hypocalcemia resident survival guide]]
+| style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" align=center | [[Hypocalcemia resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
+|}
-{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
+==[[Hypocalcemia overview|Overview]]==
-  Name           = Hypocalcemia |
-  ICD10          = {{ICD10|E|83|5|e|70}} |
+==[[Hypocalcemia historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
-  ICD9           = {{ICD9|275.41}} |
-  ICDO           = |
+==[[Hypocalcemia classification|Classification]]==
-  Image          = Ca-TableImage.png  |
-  Caption        = [[Calcium]] |
+==[[Hypocalcemia pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
-  OMIM           = |
-  OMIM_mult      = |
+==[[Hypocalcemia causes|Causes]]==
-  MedlinePlus    = |
-  DiseasesDB     = 6412 |
+==[[Hypocalcemia differential diagnosis|Differentiating Hypocalcemia from other Diseases]]==
-  MeshID         = D006996 |
-}}
+==[[Hypocalcemia epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
-{{Hypocalcemia}}
-{{CMG}}
+==[[Hypocalcemia risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
+==[[Hypocalcemia screening|Screening]]==
+==[[Hypocalcemia natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
+==Diagnosis==
+[[Hypocalcemia history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Hypocalcemia physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Hypocalcemia laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Hypocalcemia electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Hypocalcemia x ray|X Ray]] | [[Hypocalcemia CT|CT]] | [[Hypocalcemia MRI|MRI]] | [[Hypocalcemia echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Hypocalcemia other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Hypocalcemia other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
-==Management==
+==Treatment==
-* Two [[ampoule]]s of [[intravenous]] [[calcium gluconate]] 10% is given slowly in a period of 10 minutes, or if the hypocalcemia is severe, [[calcium chloride]] is given instead.
+[[Hypocalcemia medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Hypocalcemia surgery|Surgery]] | [[Hypocalcemia primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Hypocalcemia secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Hypocalcemia cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Hypocalcemia future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
-* Maintenance doses of both calcium and vitamin-D (often as 1,25-(OH)<sub>2</sub>-D<sub>3</sub>, i.e. [[calcitriol]])) are often necessary to prevent further decline.
-==References==
+==Case Studies==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+[[Hypocalcemia case study one|Case #1]]
-==Related chapters==
+==Related Chapters==
-* [[Calcium metabolism]]
+* [[Calcium metabolism|Calcium Metabolism]]
 * [[Hypercalcaemia]]
-* [[Calcium deficiency (plant disorder)]]
+* [[Calcium deficiency (plant disorder)|Calcium Deficiency (Plant Disorder)]]
-* [[Hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia]]
+* [[Hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia|Hypomagnesemia with Secondary Hypocalcemia]]
-==Resources==
+==References==
-* [http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/endocrinology/hypocalcemia/ Cleveland Clinic] Hypocalcemia chapter Online Medical Reference
+{{reflist|2}}
-* [http://www.endotext.org/parathyroid/parathyroid7/parathyroid7.htm Endotext]
-* [http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/119/2/668-a EKG abnormalities associated with hypocalcemia]
-* [http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/20/12/2855.pdf Seizures due to hypocalcaemia worsened by shifting towards alkalosis by bicarbonate therapy]
-* [http://www-isu.indstate.edu/mary/lytenote.htm Electrolytes]
 {{Electrocardiography}}
 [[Category:Disease]]
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 [[Category:Endocrinology]]
 [[Category:Nephrology]]
-[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
+[[Category:Needs content]]
-[[Category:Blood tests]]
 {{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
 {{WikiDoc Sources}}

Hypocalcemia: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 18:10, 10 August 2018

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Hypocalcemia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Case Studies

Related Chapters

References

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