https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Hypervitaminosis_A&feed=atom&action=history
Hypervitaminosis A - Revision history
2024-03-29T13:23:49Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Hypervitaminosis_A&diff=1244838&oldid=prev
Irfan Dotani at 19:37, 22 July 2016
2016-07-22T19:37:11Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:37, 22 July 2016</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Overview==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Overview==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Toxicity from eating liver==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Toxicity from eating liver==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The [[liver]] of certain animals &mdash; including the polar bear, seal, and husky &mdash; is unsafe to eat because it is extraordinarily high in [[vitamin A]]. This danger has long been known to the Inuit and has been recognized by Europeans since at least 1597 when Gerrit de Veer wrote in his diary that, while taking refuge in the winter in Nova Zembla, he and his men became gravely ill after eating polar-bear liver.<ref>[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/348/4/347 The New England Journal of Medicine : Hypervitaminosis A and Fractures]</ref> In 1913, Antarctic explorers Douglas Mawson and Xavier Mertz were both poisoned, the latter fatally, from eating the liver of their sled dogs.<ref>[http://student.bmj.com/issues/02/05/life/158.php Student BMJ Man's best friend?]</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The [[liver]] of certain animals &mdash; including the polar bear, seal, and husky &mdash; is unsafe to eat because it is extraordinarily high in [[vitamin A]]. This danger has long been known to the Inuit and has been recognized by Europeans since at least 1597 when Gerrit de Veer wrote in his diary that, while taking refuge in the winter in Nova Zembla, he and his men became gravely ill after eating polar-bear liver.<ref>[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/348/4/347 The New England Journal of Medicine : Hypervitaminosis A and Fractures]</ref> In 1913, Antarctic explorers Douglas Mawson and Xavier Mertz were both poisoned, the latter fatally, from eating the liver of their sled dogs.<ref>[http://student.bmj.com/issues/02/05/life/158.php Student BMJ Man's best friend?]</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The livers of many other animals have lower levels of vitamin A and are commonly eaten.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The livers of many other animals have lower levels of vitamin A and are commonly eaten.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/cc/vita.html#risk Facts about Vitamin A and Carotenoids], from the [[National Institutes of Health]]'s Office of Dietary Supplements.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/cc/vita.html#risk Facts about Vitamin A and Carotenoids], from the [[National Institutes of Health]]'s Office of Dietary Supplements.</div></td></tr>
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Irfan Dotani
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Hypervitaminosis_A&diff=895395&oldid=prev
Gerald Chi at 15:17, 17 August 2013
2013-08-17T15:17:18Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:17, 17 August 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{SI}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{SI}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>Hypervitaminosis A<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </del>refers to the effects of excessive [[vitamin A]] (specifically retinoid) intake.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{CMG}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Overview==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hypervitaminosis A refers to the effects of excessive [[vitamin A]] (specifically retinoid) intake.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Presentation==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Presentation==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Effects include:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Effects include:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External links==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External links==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/cc/vita.html#risk Facts about Vitamin A and Carotenoids], from the [[National Institutes of Health]]'s Office of Dietary Supplements.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/cc/vita.html#risk Facts about Vitamin A and Carotenoids], from the [[National Institutes of Health]]'s Office of Dietary Supplements.</div></td></tr>
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https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Hypervitaminosis_A&diff=676858&oldid=prev
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<p>Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{SIB}} + & -{{EH}} + & -{{EJ}} + & -{{Editor Help}} + & -{{Editor Join}} +)</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{CMG}}<br />
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==Overview==<br />
{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |<br />
Name = Hypervitaminosis A |<br />
Image = Retinol structure.svg |<br />
Caption = |<br />
ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|67|0|e|65}} |<br />
ICD9 = {{ICD9|278.2}} |<br />
ICDO = |<br />
OMIM = |<br />
DiseasesDB = 13888 |<br />
MedlinePlus = |<br />
eMedicineSubj = med |<br />
eMedicineTopic = 2382 |<br />
}}<br />
{{SI}}<br />
'''Hypervitaminosis A''' refers to the effects of excessive [[vitamin A]] (specifically retinoid) intake.<br />
<br />
==Presentation==<br />
<br />
Effects include:<br />
<br />
* [[birth defect]]s<br />
* [[liver]] problems,<br />
* reduced [[bone mineral density]] that may result in [[osteoporosis]]<br />
* coarse bone growths<br />
* [[hair loss]]<br />
* excessive skin dryness/peeling<br />
<br />
==Signs==<br />
Signs of acute toxicity include [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]], [[headache]], [[dizziness]], blurred [[Visual perception|vision]], and loss of [[muscle|muscular]] coordination.<br />
<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
Hypervitaminosis A occurs when the maximum limit for liver stores of retinoids is exceeded. The excess vitamin A enters the circulation causing systemic toxicity. Vitamin A in the form of [[betacarotene]] is only selectively converted into retinoids, and hence does not cause toxicity.<br />
<br />
Although hypervitaminosis A can occur when large amounts of liver are regularly consumed, most cases of vitamin A toxicity result from an excess intake of vitamin A in the form of vitamin supplements. Toxic symptoms can also arise after consuming very large amounts of preformed vitamin A over a short period of time. <br />
<br />
==Recommended supplement limits==<br />
The Institute of Medicine has established Daily Tolerable Upper Levels (UL) of intake for vitamin A from supplements that apply to healthy populations, in order to help prevent the risk of vitamin A toxicity. These levels for preformed vitamin A in [[microgram]]s (µg) and [[International Unit]]s (IU) are:<br />
<br />
* 0-3 years: 600 µg or 2000 IU<br />
* 4-8 years: 900 µg or 3000 IU<br />
* 9-13 years: 1700 µg or 5665 IU<br />
* 14-18 years: 2800 µg or 9335 IU<br />
* 19+ years: 3000 µg or 10,000 IU<br />
<br />
The dose over and above the [[Dietary Reference Intake|RDA]] is among the narrowest of the vitamins and minerals. Possible pregnancy, liver disease, high alcohol consumption, and smoking are indications for close monitoring and limitation of vitamin A administration. However, vitamin A has also been repeatedly tested and used therapeutically over several decades in larger amounts, 100,000 - 400,000 IU total dosage, for treatment of severe pediatric measles in areas where vitamin A deficiency may be present, in order to reduce childhood mortality.<ref name="Hussey1990">{{cite journal |author=Hussey GD, Klein M |title=A randomized controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles |journal=NEJM |volume=323 |pages=160-164 |year=1990}}</ref><ref name="Ellison1932">{{cite journal |author=Ellison JB |title=Intensive vitamin therapy in measles |journal=Br Medical J |volume=ii |pages=708-711 |year=1932}}</ref><br />
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==Toxicity from eating liver==<br />
<br />
The [[liver]] of certain animals &mdash; including the polar bear, seal, and husky &mdash; is unsafe to eat because it is extraordinarily high in [[vitamin A]]. This danger has long been known to the Inuit and has been recognized by Europeans since at least 1597 when Gerrit de Veer wrote in his diary that, while taking refuge in the winter in Nova Zembla, he and his men became gravely ill after eating polar-bear liver.<ref>[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/348/4/347 The New England Journal of Medicine : Hypervitaminosis A and Fractures]</ref> In 1913, Antarctic explorers Douglas Mawson and Xavier Mertz were both poisoned, the latter fatally, from eating the liver of their sled dogs.<ref>[http://student.bmj.com/issues/02/05/life/158.php Student BMJ Man's best friend?]</ref><br />
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[[Vitamin A]] itself was not discovered until 1917. <br />
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The livers of many other animals have lower levels of vitamin A and are commonly eaten.<br />
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==References==<br />
<references/><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Vitamin poisoning]]<br />
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==External links==<br />
*[http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/cc/vita.html#risk Facts about Vitamin A and Carotenoids], from the [[National Institutes of Health]]'s Office of Dietary Supplements.<br />
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{{Nutritional pathology}}<br />
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[[Category:Toxicology]]<br />
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]<br />
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[[fr:Hypervitaminose A]]<br />
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{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
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