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   Name          = Hyperparathyroidism |
   Name          = Hyperparathyroidism |
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'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''


{{SI}}
{{Hyperparathyroidism}}
{{CMG}}; Larry Gordon, M.D.
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Anmol}}


==Overview==
{{SK}} Hyperparathyroid; parathyroid hormone levels raised; parathyroid related hypercalcemia; overactive parathyroid glands
'''Hyperparathyroidism''' is overactivity of the [[parathyroid gland]]s resulting in excess production of [[parathyroid hormone]] (PTH).  The parathyroid hormone monitors calcium and phosphorus levels and helps to maintain these levels.  Overactivity of one or more of the parathyroid glands causes high calcium levels (hypercalcemia) and low levels of phosphorus in the blood [2].  Hyperparathyroidism was first described and treated in the 1930s by [[Fuller Albright]] of [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], working at the [[Mallinckrodt General Clinical Research Center]]. The oldest known case was found in a cadaver from a Early Neolithic cemetery in southwest Germany.<ref name="pmid15632333">{{cite journal |author=Zink AR, Panzer S, Fesq-Martin M, Burger-Heinrich E, Wahl J, Nerlich AG |title=Evidence for a 7000-year-old case of primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=1 |pages=40-2 |year=2005 |pmid=15632333 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.1.40-c}}</ref>


==Classification==
==[[Hyperparathyroidism overview|Overview]]==
===Primary hyperparathyroidism===
{{main|Primary hyperparathyroidism}}
[[Primary hyperparathyroidism]] results from a hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands themselves. There is oversecretion of [[parathyroid hormone|PTH]] due to adenoma, hyperplasia or, rarely, carcinoma of the parathyroid glands.


===Secondary hyperparathyroidism===
==[[Hyperparathyroidism historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
{{main|Secondary hyperparathyroidism}}
[[Secondary hyperparathyroidism]] is the reaction of the parathyroid glands to a hypocalcemia caused by other than a parathyroid pathology, e.g. chronic renal failure.


===Tertiary hyperparathyroidism===
==[[Hyperparathyroidism classification|Classification]]==
{{main|Tertiary hyperparathyroidism}}
'''Tertiary hyperparathyroidism''' is a state of excessive secretion of [[parathyroid hormone]] (PTH) after a long period of [[secondary hyperparathyroidism]] and resulting in [[hypercalcemia]].


==Symptoms and signs==
==[[Hyperparathyroidism pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
===Asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism===
Many patients presenting with hyperparathyroidism will have no signs or symptoms, with diagnosis being made on further investigation after a coincidental finding of [[hypercalcemia]]. It is, however, reported that many patients will report that they feel better after treatment for hyperparathyroidism.


===Symptomatic hyperparathyroidism===
==[[Hyperparathyroidism causes|Causes]]==
Of those patients that do present with symptoms, they are commonly associated with the effects of an increased level of calcium. Since calcium is involved in trans-synaptic communication within our nervous system, high blood calcium levels have a direct effect on the nervous system. Thus, most of the symptoms of parathyroid disease are "neurological" in origin. The most common symptom is fatigue and tiredness. Other very common symptoms are lack of energy, memory problems, [[Clinical depression|depression]], problems with concentration, and [[sleep disorders|problems sleeping]]. Other manifestations of hyperparathyroidism usually involve the kidney ([[kidney stone|stones]]) and the skeletal system (bone pain due to the development of [[osteoporosis]]).


Almost all patients will have symptoms if their calcium is high and the right questions are asked. Removing the parathyroid tumor which is causing the excess parathyroid hormone will eliminate the symptoms in most patients within several days or weeks. Often it is life-changing when the parathyroid tumor is removed.
==[[Hyperparathyroidism differential diagnosis|Differentiating Hyperparathyroidism from other Diseases]]==


The symptoms of hyperparathyroidism can be remembered by the rhyme "'''moans, groans, stones, bones, and psychiatric overtones'''":
==[[Hyperparathyroidism epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
*"moans" (complaints of not feeling well)
*"groans" (abdominal pain, [[gastroesophageal reflux disease|gastroesophageal reflux]])
*"stones" (kidney)
*"bones" (bone pain)
*"psychiatric overtones" (lethargy, fatigue, depression, memory problems).


Other symptoms include: [[headache]]s, [[gastroesophageal reflux disease|gastroesophageal reflux]], decreased sex drive, thinning hair, [[arterial hypertension|hypertension]], and heart palpitations which are often due to bouts of atrial fibrillation. Additional symptoms reported consist of an increase of thirst and urination as a result of calcium excretion in the urine, stomach ulcers, nausea, and a loss of appetite [3].
==[[Hyperparathyroidism risk factors|Risk Factors]]==


===Osteoporosis===
==[[Hyperparathyroidism screening|Screening]]==
Unfortunately, medicines are usually not useful for treating the osteoporosis associated with hyperparathyroidism until the parathyroid tumor is removed. Osteoporosis associated with hyperparathyroidism is caused by the high parathyroid hormone that is secreted by the overactive parathyroid gland(s). This excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts directly on the bones to remove calcium from the bones. Thus, the high calcium in the blood comes from the bones. Removing the offending parathyroid gland will usually cause a significant improvement in the osteoporosis, often reversing this process back to normal bone density over several years.


===Laboratory tests===
==[[Hyperparathyroidism natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
====Serum calcium====
In cases of [[primary hyperparathyroidism|primary]], [[tertiary hyperparathyroidism|tertiary]] and quintary hyperparathyroidism increased PTH consequently leads to increased serum calcium ([[hypercalcemia]]) due to:
#increased bone resorption, allowing flow of calcium from bone to blood
#reduced renal clearance of calcium
#increased intestinal calcium absorption
 
By contrast, in [[secondary hyperparathyroidism|secondary]] and quartary hyperparathyroidism effectiveness of [[parathyroid hormone|PTH]]is reduced.
 
====Serum phosphorus====
In [[primary hyperparathyroidism]], serum phosphorus levels are abnormally low as a result of decreased renal tubular phosphorus reabsorption. This contrasts with [[secondary hyperparathyroidism]], in which serum phosphorus levels are generally elevated because of renal disease.
 
====Alkaline phosphatase====
[[Alkaline phosphatase]] levels are elevated in all types of hyperparathyroidism.
 
==Etiology==
===Primary hyperparathyroidism===
{{main|Primary hyperparathyroidism}}
* The most common cause is a benign parathyroid [[adenoma]] that loses its sensitivity to circulating calcium levels. Usually, only one of the four parathyroid glands is affected.
* A less common cause is from [[multiple endocrine neoplasia]] (MEN).
 
===Secondary hyperparathyroidism===
{{main|Secondary hyperparathyroidism}}
[[Secondary hyperparathyroidism]] is due to resistance to the actions of PTH, usually due to [[chronic renal failure]]. The bone disease in secondary parathyroidism along with renal failure is termed [[renal osteodystrophy]].
 
===Tertiary hyperparathyroidism===
{{main|Tertiary hyperparathyroidism}}
[[Tertiary hyperparathyroidism]], quartary and quintary hyperparathyroidism are rare forms that are caused by long lasting disorders of the calcium feedback control system. When the hyperparathyroidism can not be corrected by medication one calls it tertiary hyperparathyroidism.


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
The gold standard of diagnosis is the PTH immunoassay. Once an elevated PTH has been confirmed, goal of diagnosis is to determine whether the hyperparathyroidism is primary or secondary in origin by obtaining a serum [[calcium]] level:
[[Hyperparathyroidism history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Hyperparathyroidism physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Hyperparathyroidism laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Hyperparathyroidism electrocardiogram|EKG]] | [[Hyperparathyroidism x ray|X ray]] | [[Hyperparathyroidism CT|CT]] | [[Hyperparathyroidism MRI|MRI]] | [[Hyperparathyroidism ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Hyperparathyroidism other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Hyperparathyroidism other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


{| class="wikitable"
==Treatment==
| '''PTH''' || '''serum [[calcium]]''' || '''likely type'''
|-
| high || high || [[primary hyperparathyroidism]]
|-
| high || low or normal || [[secondary hyperparathyroidism]]
|}


[[Tertiary hyperparathyroidism]] has a high PTH and a high serum calcium.  It is differentiated from primary hyperparathyroidism by a history of [[chronic kidney failure]] and [[secondary hyperparathyroidism]].
[[Hyperparathyroidism medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Hyperparathyroidism surgery|Surgery]] | [[Hyperparathyroidism primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Hyperparathyroidism secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Hyperparathyroidism cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Hyperparathyroidism future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


==Treatment/Monitoring==
==Case Studies==
Endocrinologists diagnose diseases affecting glands and should be consulted for hyperparathyroidism. Treatment is first and foremost directed at hypercalcemia, if symptomatic patients are sent for surgery to remove the parathyroid tumor (parathyroid adenoma). (see [[hypercalcemia]]) Most experts now believe that almost all patients with hyperparathyroidism should be evaluated for surgery. Watching and waiting has been falling out of vogue since it is being realized that the disease will rarely stay the same. It will almost always progress as the tumor grows.
[[Hyperparathyroidism case study one|Case #1]]


*(see [[primary hyperparathyroidism]])
==Related Chapters==
*(see [[secondary hyperparathyroidism]])
 
However, if surgery is not available, the following should be monitored:
 
*Calcium level:  Ask the doctor to monitor your calcium levels via urine tests.  The results can be used to provide information regarding kidney functionality as well as how much calcium is being excreted in your urine.
 
*Bone density:  Doctors can determine if you're essentially shrinking by performing bone mineral density tests.  These tests can be used to assess the risk of osteoporosis.  Some of the different types of tests include dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) which measures the density of bones in the hip, wrist, and spine and ultrasounds.
 
*Check for Kidney Stones:  Abdominal X-rays can be used to check for kidney stones.
 
==Prevention==
If you choose to monitor symptoms, some recommendations for prevention include [2]:
*Exercise, specifically weight and strength training are beneficial.  This helps in the process of decreasing bone loss and building stronger bones.
 
*Vitamin D - Adequate amounts of vitamin D aid in calcium absorption.  Sources of vitamin D come from the foods you eat, sunlight, and from vitamin supplemants.
 
*Stay hydrated - drinking lots of fluids can aid in preventing the formation of kidney stones.
 
*No smoking - Besides known negative affects of smoking such as cancer, smoking aids in bone loss
 
==References==
===General Reading===
1.  Lawrence Kim, MD, Director of Surgical Endocrinology; Chief of Surgery Central Ark. VA, Department of Surgery, Associate Professor of Surgery, University of Arkansas Hospital, 2005.  http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3200.htm
2.  Mayo Clinic:  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hyperparathyroidism/DS00396
3.  Hyperparathyroidism:  www.hyperparathyroidism.com
 
<references/>
 
==See also==
* [[Hypoparathyroidism]]
* [[Hypoparathyroidism]]
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]]
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]]
* [[Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia]]
* [[Pseudohypoparathyroidism]]
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
* [[Parathyroid adenoma]]
* [[Parathyroid cancer]]
* [[Parathyroid disorders]]


==External links==
* [http://www.parathyroid.com Description of parathyroid disease and treatment in detail] at www.parathyroid.com
* [http://www.endocrineweb.com/parathyroid.html Section on parathyroid disease] at endocrineweb.com
* [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hyperparathyroidism/DS00396 Overview] at [[Mayo Clinic]]
* [http://www.endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/hyper/hyper.htm Overview] at [[Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service]]
{{Endocrine pathology}}
{{Endocrine pathology}}


[[Category:Parathyroid disorders]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
 
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Latest revision as of 04:44, 21 February 2021

Hyperparathyroidism
Thyroid and parathyroid.
ICD-10 E21
ICD-9 252.0
DiseasesDB 20710
MeSH D006961

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2]

Synonyms and keywords: Hyperparathyroid; parathyroid hormone levels raised; parathyroid related hypercalcemia; overactive parathyroid glands

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Hyperparathyroidism from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | EKG | X ray | CT | MRI | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

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Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

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Case #1

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