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| | [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=hyperkalemia resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
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| | [[Hyperkalemia resident survival guide|Resident <br> Survival <br> Guide]]
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| |}
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| {{Hyperkalemia}}
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| {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com]
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| ==Overview==
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| Hyperkalemia often has no symptoms. Occasionally, people may have the following symptoms: irregular heartbeat, nausea, slow, weak, or absent pulse. Extreme degrees of hyperkalemia are considered a [[medical emergency]] due to the risk of potentially fatal [[arrhythmia]]s. A detailed history taking is very helpful in diagnosing the cause of hyperkalemia.
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| ==History==
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| A detailed history taking is very helpful in diagnosing the cause of [[hyperkalemia]].
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| * ''Dietary history'' (diets with low [[sodium]] and rich in [[potassium]])
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| ** Diets recommended for patients with [[cardiac disease]], [[hypertension]], and [[diabetes mellitus]]
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| ** Potassium supplements in herbal supplements, salt substitutes
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| ** Fruits, dried fruits, juices, banana and vegetables
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| * ''Medications history'' (drugs causing a decreased excretion of potassium)
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| ** [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]]
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| ** [[Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors]]
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| ** [[Angiotensin receptor blockers]] (potassium-sparing diuretics, especially popular in the treatment of [[cirrhosis]] and [[congestive heart failure]])
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| ** [[Cyclosporine]] or [[tacrolimus]]
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| ** Antibiotics, such as [[pentamidine]] or [[trimethoprim]]/[[sulfamethoxazole]]
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| * ''Medical history''
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| ** [[Renal failure]]
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| ** [[Diabetes mellitus]]
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| ** [[Sickle cell disease]] or trait
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| ** [[Urinary tract obstruction]] - Type IV [[renal tubular acidosis]], also called hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis. It can be seen with [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[amyloidosis]] and diabetes mellitus.
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| ** The combination of [[abdominal pain]], [[hypoglycemia]] and [[hyperpigmentation]], often in the context of a history of other [[Autoimmune diseases|autoimmune disorders]], may be signs of [[Addison's disease]], itself a medical emergency.
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| ==Symptoms==
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| [[Hyperkalemia]] often has no symptoms and the problem may be detected during screening [[blood test]]s for another medical disorder, or it may only come to medical attention after complications have developed, such as [[cardiac arrhythmia]] or [[Cardiac arrest|sudden death]]. Patients may present with the symptoms such as, irregular heartbeat, [[nausea]], slow, weak, or absent [[pulse]]. Extreme degrees of [[hyperkalemia]] are considered a [[medical emergency]] due to the risk of potentially fatal [[arrhythmias]]. Symptoms are fairly nonspecific and may include:
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| * [[Malaise]]
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| * [[Palpitations]]
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| * [[Muscle weakness]]
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| * Mild breathlessness may indicate [[metabolic acidosis]], one of the settings in which hyperkalemia may occur.
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Potassium]]
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| [[Category:Medical emergencies]]
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| [[Category:Endocrinology]]
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| [[Category:Nephrology]]
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| [[Category:Electrolyte disturbance]]
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| [[Category:Blood tests]]
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| [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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| [[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
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