Histoplasmosis risk factors

	Histoplasmosis Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Histoplasmosis from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Screening
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Chest X Ray
CT
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Case Studies
Case #1
Histoplasmosis risk factors On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Histoplasmosis risk factors All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Histoplasmosis risk factors
CDC on Histoplasmosis risk factors
Histoplasmosis risk factors in the news
Blogs on Histoplasmosis risk factors
Directions to Hospitals Treating Histoplasmosis
Risk calculators and risk factors for Histoplasmosis risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Risk factors for histoplasmosis infection include living in or traveling to the Central or Eastern United States. Patients with immunosupression, hematological malignancies, immunosuppressive therapy and infants are at a higher risk of developing disseminated histoplasmosis infection.

Risk factors for pulmonary histoplasmosis include:

Living in or traveling to the Central or Eastern United States.
Activities such as spelunking, mining, construction, excavation, demolition, roofing, chimney cleaning, farming, gardening, and installing heating and air-conditioning systems.
Activities that expose people to areas where bats live and birds roost also increase risk. Exposure to soil or particles contaminated with droppings of chickens, bats, or blackbirds is the main mode of transmission.^[1]

Risk factors for severe acute disease or disseminated disease include:

Infants
Immunocompromised states
AIDS Patients with CD4 counts of less than 150 cells/mm³ are at highest risk^[2]
Hematologic malignancies
Solid organ transplant^[3]
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Use of immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids and tumor necrosis factor antagonists
Congenital T-cell deficiencies
Gamma interferon receptor deficiency
Hyperimmunoglobulin M syndrome is a risk factor for refractory and recurrent disseminated histoplasmosis

↑ Chiller, TM. Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related to Travel. Histoplasmosis. Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/histoplasmosis. Accessed February 2, 2016.
↑ Wheat LJ, Azar MM, Bahr NC, Spec A, Relich RF, Hage C (2016). "Histoplasmosis". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 30 (1): 207–27. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2015.10.009. PMID 26897068.
↑ Natarajan M, Swierzbinski MJ, Maxwell S, Zelazny AM, Fahle GA, Quezado M; et al. (2017). "Pulmonary Histoplasma Infection After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Case Report and Review of the Literature". Open Forum Infect Dis. 4 (2): ofx041. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx041. PMC 5407209. PMID 28470019.