Histoplasmosis epidemiology and demographics

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Serge Korjian M.D., Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

The incidence of histoplasmosis is estimated by the Centers of Disease Control to be around 500,000 every year in the United States. In the United States, an estimated 60% to 90% of people who live in areas surrounding the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys (where Histoplasma is common in the environment) have been exposed to the fungus at some point during their lifetime.

Epidemiology & Demographics

Histoplasmosis is the most common endemic fungal infection in the United States and parts of Mexico and South America.

Incidence

Prevalence

  • In the United States, an estimated 60% to 90% of people who live in areas surrounding the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys (where Histoplasma is common in the environment) have been exposed to the fungus at some point during their lifetime.
  • The true prevalence of chronic histoplasmosis infection is unknown.
  • Histoplasmosis in Europe without travel to endemic areas is rare.

Endemic Regions

  • Histoplasma capsulatum is distributed worldwide, except in Antarctica, but most often associated with river valleys.
  • It is most commonly reported in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys in the United States, but is observed throughout the Midwestern and Southern US.
  • Histoplasmosis is reportable in the following states and U.S. territories:[2]
  • Alabama
  • Arkansas
  • Delaware
  • Illinois
  • Indiana
  • Kentucky
  • Michigan
  • Minnesota
  • Mississippi
  • Nebraska
  • Pennsylvania
  • Puerto Rico
  • Rhode Island
  • Wisconsin
  • Outbreaks have been reported associated with travel to many countries in Central and South America, most often associated with visiting caves.[3]

Age

  • Infants and adults aged 55 years and older are at higher risk of developing the disease.[2]

Gender and Race

Developing Countries

References

  1. Benedict K, Mody RK (2016). "Epidemiology of Histoplasmosis Outbreaks, United States, 1938-2013". Emerg Infect Dis. 22 (3): 370–8. doi:10.3201/eid2203.151117. PMC 4766901. PMID 26890817.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.
  3. Chiller, TM. Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related to Travel. Histoplasmosis. Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/histoplasmosis. Accessed February 2, 2016.
  4. Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.