Histoplasmosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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===Prevalence=== | ===Prevalence=== | ||
*In the United States, an estimated 60% to 90% of people who live in areas surrounding the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys (where Histoplasma is common in the environment) have been exposed to the fungus at some point during their lifetime. | *In the United States, an estimated 60% to 90% of people who live in areas surrounding the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys (where Histoplasma is common in the environment) have been exposed to the fungus at some point during their lifetime. | ||
*The true prevalence of chronic histoplasmosis infection is unknown. | *The true prevalence of [[chronic]] histoplasmosis infection is unknown. | ||
===Endemic Regions=== | ===Endemic Regions=== | ||
*''Histoplasma capsulatum'' is distributed worldwide, except in Antarctica, but most often associated with river valleys. | *''[[Histoplasma capsulatum]]'' is distributed worldwide, except in Antarctica, but most often associated with river valleys. | ||
*It is most commonly reported in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys in the United States, but is observed throughout the Midwestern and Southern US. | *It is most commonly reported in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys in the United States, but is observed throughout the Midwestern and Southern US. | ||
*Histoplasmosis is reportable in the following states and U.S. territories:<ref name=cdc3>Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.</ref> | *Histoplasmosis is reportable in the following states and U.S. territories:<ref name=cdc3>Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.</ref> | ||
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*Histoplasmosis does not have any gender or race predilection. | *Histoplasmosis does not have any gender or race predilection. | ||
===Developing Countries=== | ===Developing Countries=== | ||
*Histoplasmosis is especially a problem in areas of the world where antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not widely available, because ART helps keep HIV-infected people from reaching the stage where they are most vulnerable to histoplasmosis and other opportunistic infections. | *Histoplasmosis is especially a problem in areas of the world where [[AIDS antiretroviral drugs|antiretroviral therapy]] ([[AIDS antiretroviral drugs|ART]]) is not widely available, because [[AIDS antiretroviral drugs|ART]] helps keep HIV-infected people from reaching the stage where they are most vulnerable to histoplasmosis and other [[opportunistic infections]]. | ||
*In Latin America, for example, histoplasmosis is one of the most common opportunistic infections among people living with HIV, and approximately 30% of HIV/AIDS patients diagnosed with histoplasmosis die from it.<ref name=cdc2>Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.</ref> | *In Latin America, for example, histoplasmosis is one of the most common [[opportunistic infections]] among people living with [[HIV]], and approximately 30% of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] patients diagnosed with histoplasmosis die from it.<ref name=cdc2>Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 14:29, 22 March 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Serge Korjian M.D.
Overview
Epidemiology & Demographics
Incidence
- The incidence of histoplasmosis in adults aged 65 years and older in the U.S. is estimated to be 3.4 cases per 100,000 population.
- Rates are highest in the Midwest, with an estimated incidence of 6.1 cases per 100,000 population.
Prevalence
- In the United States, an estimated 60% to 90% of people who live in areas surrounding the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys (where Histoplasma is common in the environment) have been exposed to the fungus at some point during their lifetime.
- The true prevalence of chronic histoplasmosis infection is unknown.
Endemic Regions
- Histoplasma capsulatum is distributed worldwide, except in Antarctica, but most often associated with river valleys.
- It is most commonly reported in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys in the United States, but is observed throughout the Midwestern and Southern US.
- Histoplasmosis is reportable in the following states and U.S. territories:[1]
- Alabama
- Arkansas
- Delaware
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Kentucky
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Nebraska
- Pennsylvania
- Puerto Rico
- Rhode Island
- Wisconsin
- Outbreaks have been reported associated with travel to many countries in Central and South America, most often associated with visiting caves.[2]
Age
- Infants and adults aged 55 years and older are at higher risk of developing the disease.[1]
Gender and Race
- Histoplasmosis does not have any gender or race predilection.
Developing Countries
- Histoplasmosis is especially a problem in areas of the world where antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not widely available, because ART helps keep HIV-infected people from reaching the stage where they are most vulnerable to histoplasmosis and other opportunistic infections.
- In Latin America, for example, histoplasmosis is one of the most common opportunistic infections among people living with HIV, and approximately 30% of HIV/AIDS patients diagnosed with histoplasmosis die from it.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.
- ↑ Chiller, TM. Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related to Travel. Histoplasmosis. Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/histoplasmosis. Accessed February 2, 2016.
- ↑ Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.