High density lipoprotein causes

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High Density Lipoprotein Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [2]; Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]

Causes

  • HDL cholesterol is a positive cardiac risk factor if
    • HDL < 35 mg/dL
    • Total cholesterol to HDL ratio in > 5.0 (in men)
    • Total cholesterol to HDL ratio in > 4.5 (in women)
  • Negative cardiac risk factor if HDL > 60 mg/dL

Decreased

  • Apolipoprotein deficiency: Hypoalphalipoproteinemia can be of three types.
  1. Impaired synthesis of apo A-1: apo A-I deficiency, apo A-1/C-3 deficiency, apo A-1 structural variants
  2. Increased catabolism: familial HDL deficiency or Tangier disease
  3. Enzymatic changes: genetic, reduced activity of lipoprotein lipase, insulin resistance
  1. Beta-blockers
  2. Benzodiazepines
  3. Anabolic steroids
  • Elevated CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) activity: Polymorphism of the gene TaqIB (CETP gene) is known to be associated with variations in the plasma concentrations of CETP. A gene variant called TaqIB1 is associated with a higher CETP concentration and lower HDL-C levels in the plasma. Two other mutations that result in similar findings are A373P and R451Q.

Increased

  • Drugs
  • Moderate alcohol intake
  • Regular aerobic exercise
  • Weight loss

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