Hepatomegaly: Difference between revisions

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== Overview ==
== Overview ==
The '''liver''' is an [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]] present in [[Vertebrate|vertebrates]] and some other animals. The adult human liver normally weighs between 1.4 - 1.6 kilograms (3.1 - 3.5 pounds), and it is a soft, pinkish-brown "boomerang shaped" organ. It is located on the right side of the upper [[Human abdomen|abdomen]] below the [[Diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]]. The liver size increases with age and it ranges between 5 cm to 15 cm in adulthood. A normal liver is less than 16 cm in ultrasound evaluation. Hepatomegaly may be found in physical examination or during imaging studies. Imaging is more accurate in determining liver size.<ref name="pmid475535">{{cite journal| author=Sapira JD, Williamson DL| title=How big is the normal liver? | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1979 | volume= 139 | issue= 9 | pages= 971-3 | pmid=475535 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=475535  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6622701">{{cite journal| author=Niederau C, Sonnenberg A, Müller JE, Erckenbrecht JF, Scholten T, Fritsch WP| title=Sonographic measurements of the normal liver, spleen, pancreas, and portal vein. | journal=Radiology | year= 1983 | volume= 149 | issue= 2 | pages= 537-40 | pmid=6622701 | doi=10.1148/radiology.149.2.6622701 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6622701  }} </ref> In some certain conditions normal liver may be palpated as enlarged liver including thin people, during deep [[Inhalation|inspiration]], right [[pleural effusion]], and when [[emphysema]] results in hyperinflation of the chest with diaphragmatic descent and downward displacement of the [[liver]]. Common pathologic causes that may result in hepatomegaly are [[hepatitis]], [[Storage Disease|storage disorders]], impaired venous outflow, infiltrative disorders, and [[biliary obstruction]].
The '''liver''' is an [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]] present in [[Vertebrate|vertebrates]] and some other animals. The adult human liver normally weighs between 1.4 to 1.6 kilograms (3.1 to 3.5 pounds), and it is a soft, pinkish-brown "boomerang shaped" organ. It is located on the right side of the upper [[Human abdomen|abdomen]] below the [[Diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]]. The size of the liver increases with age and ranges between 5 cm to 15 cm in adulthood. A normal liver is less than 16 cm on ultrasound evaluation. Hepatomegaly may be found during physical examination or on imaging studies. Imaging is more accurate in determining liver size.<ref name="pmid475535">{{cite journal| author=Sapira JD, Williamson DL| title=How big is the normal liver? | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1979 | volume= 139 | issue= 9 | pages= 971-3 | pmid=475535 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=475535  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6622701">{{cite journal| author=Niederau C, Sonnenberg A, Müller JE, Erckenbrecht JF, Scholten T, Fritsch WP| title=Sonographic measurements of the normal liver, spleen, pancreas, and portal vein. | journal=Radiology | year= 1983 | volume= 149 | issue= 2 | pages= 537-40 | pmid=6622701 | doi=10.1148/radiology.149.2.6622701 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6622701  }} </ref> In some conditions normal liver may be palpated as enlarged liver including thin people, during deep [[Inhalation|inspiration]], right [[pleural effusion]], and [[emphysema]] resulting in hyperinflation of the chest with diaphragmatic descent and downward displacement of the [[liver]]. Common pathological causes that may result in hepatomegaly are [[hepatitis]], [[Storage Disease|storage disorders]], impaired venous outflow, infiltrative disorders, and [[biliary obstruction]].


== Causes ==
== Causes ==
Causes of hepatomegaly may be classified on the basis of etiology into hepatitis, storage disorders, impaired venous outflow, infiltrative and obstructive causes.<ref name="pmid10970452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wolf AD, Lavine JE |title=Hepatomegaly in neonates and children |journal=Pediatr Rev |volume=21 |issue=9 |pages=303–10 |year=2000 |pmid=10970452 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16454833">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chau TN, Lai ST, Tse C, Ng TK, Leung VK, Lim W, Ng MH |title=Epidemiology and clinical features of sporadic hepatitis E as compared with hepatitis A |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=292–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16454833 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00416.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23485521">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bernstein DL, Hülkova H, Bialer MG, Desnick RJ |title=Cholesteryl ester storage disease: review of the findings in 135 reported patients with an underdiagnosed disease |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=1230–43 |year=2013 |pmid=23485521 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2013.02.014 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16625098">{{cite journal |vauthors=Torbenson M, Chen YY, Brunt E, Cummings OW, Gottfried M, Jakate S, Liu YC, Yeh MM, Ferrell L |title=Glycogenic hepatopathy: an underrecognized hepatic complication of diabetes mellitus |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=508–13 |year=2006 |pmid=16625098 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8982149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chatila R, West AB |title=Hepatomegaly and abnormal liver tests due to glycogenosis in adults with diabetes |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=327–33 |year=1996 |pmid=8982149 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28043933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mukewar S, Sharma A, Lackore KA, Enders FT, Torbenson MS, Kamath PS, Roberts LR, Kudva YC |title=Clinical, Biochemical, and Histopathology Features of Patients With Glycogenic Hepatopathy |journal=Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=927–933 |year=2017 |pmid=28043933 |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2016.11.038 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11025794">{{cite journal |vauthors=Charrow J, Andersson HC, Kaplan P, Kolodny EH, Mistry P, Pastores G, Rosenbloom BE, Scott CR, Wappner RS, Weinreb NJ, Zimran A |title=The Gaucher registry: demographics and disease characteristics of 1698 patients with Gaucher disease |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=160 |issue=18 |pages=2835–43 |year=2000 |pmid=11025794 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18312287">{{cite journal |vauthors=Drebber U, Kasper HU, Ratering J, Wedemeyer I, Schirmacher P, Dienes HP, Odenthal M |title=Hepatic granulomas: histological and molecular pathological approach to differential diagnosis--a study of 442 cases |journal=Liver Int. |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=828–34 |year=2008 |pmid=18312287 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01695.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14530778">{{cite journal |vauthors=Park MA, Mueller PS, Kyle RA, Larson DR, Plevak MF, Gertz MA |title=Primary (AL) hepatic amyloidosis: clinical features and natural history in 98 patients |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=291–8 |year=2003 |pmid=14530778 |doi=10.1097/01.md.0000091183.93122.c7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8943863">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cooke CB, Krenacs L, Stetler-Stevenson M, Greiner TC, Raffeld M, Kingma DW, Abruzzo L, Frantz C, Kaviani M, Jaffe ES |title=Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity of cytotoxic gamma delta T-cell origin |journal=Blood |volume=88 |issue=11 |pages=4265–74 |year=1996 |pmid=8943863 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid870368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Long RG, Scheuer PJ, Sherlock S |title=Presentation and course of asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=1204–7 |year=1977 |pmid=870368 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19501929">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of cholestatic liver diseases |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=237–67 |year=2009 |pmid=19501929 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.04.009 |url=}}</ref>
Various causes of hepatomegaly may be classified on the basis of etiology into hepatitis, storage disorders, impaired venous outflow, infiltrative, and obstructive causes.<ref name="pmid10970452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wolf AD, Lavine JE |title=Hepatomegaly in neonates and children |journal=Pediatr Rev |volume=21 |issue=9 |pages=303–10 |year=2000 |pmid=10970452 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16454833">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chau TN, Lai ST, Tse C, Ng TK, Leung VK, Lim W, Ng MH |title=Epidemiology and clinical features of sporadic hepatitis E as compared with hepatitis A |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=292–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16454833 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00416.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23485521">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bernstein DL, Hülkova H, Bialer MG, Desnick RJ |title=Cholesteryl ester storage disease: review of the findings in 135 reported patients with an underdiagnosed disease |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=1230–43 |year=2013 |pmid=23485521 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2013.02.014 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16625098">{{cite journal |vauthors=Torbenson M, Chen YY, Brunt E, Cummings OW, Gottfried M, Jakate S, Liu YC, Yeh MM, Ferrell L |title=Glycogenic hepatopathy: an underrecognized hepatic complication of diabetes mellitus |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=508–13 |year=2006 |pmid=16625098 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8982149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chatila R, West AB |title=Hepatomegaly and abnormal liver tests due to glycogenosis in adults with diabetes |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=327–33 |year=1996 |pmid=8982149 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28043933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mukewar S, Sharma A, Lackore KA, Enders FT, Torbenson MS, Kamath PS, Roberts LR, Kudva YC |title=Clinical, Biochemical, and Histopathology Features of Patients With Glycogenic Hepatopathy |journal=Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=927–933 |year=2017 |pmid=28043933 |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2016.11.038 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11025794">{{cite journal |vauthors=Charrow J, Andersson HC, Kaplan P, Kolodny EH, Mistry P, Pastores G, Rosenbloom BE, Scott CR, Wappner RS, Weinreb NJ, Zimran A |title=The Gaucher registry: demographics and disease characteristics of 1698 patients with Gaucher disease |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=160 |issue=18 |pages=2835–43 |year=2000 |pmid=11025794 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18312287">{{cite journal |vauthors=Drebber U, Kasper HU, Ratering J, Wedemeyer I, Schirmacher P, Dienes HP, Odenthal M |title=Hepatic granulomas: histological and molecular pathological approach to differential diagnosis--a study of 442 cases |journal=Liver Int. |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=828–34 |year=2008 |pmid=18312287 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01695.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14530778">{{cite journal |vauthors=Park MA, Mueller PS, Kyle RA, Larson DR, Plevak MF, Gertz MA |title=Primary (AL) hepatic amyloidosis: clinical features and natural history in 98 patients |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=291–8 |year=2003 |pmid=14530778 |doi=10.1097/01.md.0000091183.93122.c7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8943863">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cooke CB, Krenacs L, Stetler-Stevenson M, Greiner TC, Raffeld M, Kingma DW, Abruzzo L, Frantz C, Kaviani M, Jaffe ES |title=Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity of cytotoxic gamma delta T-cell origin |journal=Blood |volume=88 |issue=11 |pages=4265–74 |year=1996 |pmid=8943863 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid870368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Long RG, Scheuer PJ, Sherlock S |title=Presentation and course of asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=1204–7 |year=1977 |pmid=870368 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19501929">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of cholestatic liver diseases |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=237–67 |year=2009 |pmid=19501929 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.04.009 |url=}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Etiology
!Etiology
Line 29: Line 29:
|Granulomatous hepatitis
|Granulomatous hepatitis
|-
|-
|Ischemia
|[[Ischemia]]
|Ischemic hepatitis ("shock liver")
|Ischemic hepatitis ("shock liver")
|-
|-
Line 35: Line 35:
|[[Alcoholic hepatitis]]
|[[Alcoholic hepatitis]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |Steatosis
| rowspan="2" |[[Steatosis]]
|[[Alcoholic liver disease|Alcoholic fatty liver disease]]
|[[Alcoholic liver disease|Alcoholic fatty liver disease]]
|-
|-
|Nonalcoholic [[Fatty liver|steatohepatitis]]
|Nonalcoholic [[Fatty liver|steatohepatitis]]
|-
|-
|Drugs/Medications
|Medications
|Drug induced liver injury (DILI)
|Drug induced liver injury (DILI)
|-
|-
|Immune mediated hepatitis
|Immune mediated [[hepatitis]]
|[[Autoimmune hepatitis]]
|[[Autoimmune hepatitis]]
|-
|-
Line 58: Line 58:
|[[Gaucher's disease|Gaucher disease]]
|[[Gaucher's disease|Gaucher disease]]
|-
|-
|Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
|[[Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis]]
|-
|-
|Protein
|Protein
Line 75: Line 75:
|[[Budd-Chiari syndrome|Hepatic vein thrombosis]]
|[[Budd-Chiari syndrome|Hepatic vein thrombosis]]
|-
|-
|Inferior vena cava web
|[[Inferior vena cava]] web
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |Intrahepatic
| rowspan="2" |Intrahepatic
Line 99: Line 99:
|[[Hemangioendothelioma]]
|[[Hemangioendothelioma]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" |Metastatic/disseminated tumors
| rowspan="4" |Metastatic or disseminated tumors
|Myeloma
|[[Multiple myeloma|Myeloma]]
|-
|-
|Lymphoma
|[[Lymphoma]]
|-
|-
|Leukemia
|[[Leukemia]]
|-
|-
|Metastatic solid tumors
|[[Metastatic solid tumors]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |Biliary obstruction
| rowspan="3" |Biliary obstruction
Line 117: Line 117:
| rowspan="3" |Other
| rowspan="3" |Other
|Anatomic variations
|Anatomic variations
|Riedel's lobe
|[[Riedel's lobe]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |Cystic liver disease
| rowspan="2" |Cystic liver disease
|Polycystic liver disease
|[[Polycystic liver disease]]
|-
|-
|Caroli's disease
|[[Caroli's disease]]
|}
|}


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* [[Ascites]]
* [[Ascites]]
|-
|-
|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Hemochromatosis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Hemochromatosis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |RUQ
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |RUQ
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
Line 349: Line 349:
* Edema
* Edema
|-
|-
!style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Constrictive pericarditis
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Constrictive pericarditis
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse/ RLQ/LLQ
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse/ RLQ/LLQ
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−

Revision as of 16:00, 22 February 2018

Hepatomegaly

For patient information on this topic, click here.

Hepatomegaly Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Causes

Differential Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2],Iqra Qamar M.D.[3]
Synonyms and keywords: Enlarged liver; liver enlargement

Overview

The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. The adult human liver normally weighs between 1.4 to 1.6 kilograms (3.1 to 3.5 pounds), and it is a soft, pinkish-brown "boomerang shaped" organ. It is located on the right side of the upper abdomen below the diaphragm. The size of the liver increases with age and ranges between 5 cm to 15 cm in adulthood. A normal liver is less than 16 cm on ultrasound evaluation. Hepatomegaly may be found during physical examination or on imaging studies. Imaging is more accurate in determining liver size.[1][2] In some conditions normal liver may be palpated as enlarged liver including thin people, during deep inspiration, right pleural effusion, and emphysema resulting in hyperinflation of the chest with diaphragmatic descent and downward displacement of the liver. Common pathological causes that may result in hepatomegaly are hepatitis, storage disorders, impaired venous outflow, infiltrative disorders, and biliary obstruction.

Causes

Various causes of hepatomegaly may be classified on the basis of etiology into hepatitis, storage disorders, impaired venous outflow, infiltrative, and obstructive causes.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

Etiology Disease
Hepatitis Infections Acute and chronic viral hepatitis
Bacterial liver abscess
Parasitic infections
Granulomatous hepatitis
Ischemia Ischemic hepatitis ("shock liver")
Toxins Alcoholic hepatitis
Steatosis Alcoholic fatty liver disease
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Medications Drug induced liver injury (DILI)
Immune mediated hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis
Copper deposition Wilson disease
Storage disorders Glycogen Glycogen storage disorders
Diabetes mellitus
Lipid Gaucher disease
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Protein Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Iron Hemochromatosis
Impaired venous outflow Cardiac Right heart failure
Constrictive pericarditis
Hepatic vein Hepatic vein thrombosis
Inferior vena cava web
Intrahepatic Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome
Peliosis hepatis
Infiltrative diseases Benign primary liver tumors Hemangiomas
Adenomas
Focal nodular hyperplasia
Malignant primary liver tumors Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma
Fibrolamellar carcinoma
Hemangioendothelioma
Metastatic or disseminated tumors Myeloma
Lymphoma
Leukemia
Metastatic solid tumors
Biliary obstruction Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Biliary atresia
Other Anatomic variations Riedel's lobe
Cystic liver disease Polycystic liver disease
Caroli's disease

Differential Diagnosis

Patients with hepatomegaly need to be differentiated from other patients presenting with similar complaints such as abdominal pain.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

Abbreviations: RUQ= Right upper quadrant of the abdomen, LUQ= Left upper quadrant, LLQ= Left lower quadrant, RLQ= Right lower quadrant, LFT= Liver function test, SIRS= Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, ERCP= Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, IV= Intravenous, N= Normal, AMA= Anti mitochondrial antibodies, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, GI= Gastrointestinal, CXR= Chest X ray, IgA= Immunoglobulin A, IgG= Immunoglobulin G, IgM= Immunoglobulin M, CT= Computed tomography, PMN= Polymorphonuclear cells, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP= C-reactive protein, TS= Transferrin saturation, SF= Serum Ferritin, SMA= Superior mesenteric artery, SMV= Superior mesenteric vein, ECG= Electrocardiogram, US = Ultrasound

Organ system Disease Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Comments
Symptoms Signs
Abdominal Pain Fever Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Weight loss Hypo-

tension

Rebound Tenderness Lab Findings Imaging
Pancreato-biliary disorders Pancreatic carcinoma Epigastric − + + + − −

Skin manifestations may include:

Primary biliary cirrhosis RUQ/Epigastric − − + − − −
  • Increased AMA level, abnormal LFTs
  • ERCP
  • Pruritis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis RUQ + − + − − − ERCP and MRCP shows
  • Multiple segmental strictures
  • Mural irregularities
  • Biliary dilatation and diverticula
  • Distortion of biliary tree
  • The risk of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis is 400 times higher than the risk in the general population.
Systemic disease Whipple's disease Diffuse ± − ± + ± − Endoscopy is used to confirm diagnosis.

Images used to find complications

Extra intestinal findings:
Hemochromatosis RUQ − − − − − −
  • >60% TS
  • >240 μg/L SF
  • Raised LFT
    Hyperglycemia
  • Ultrasound shows evidence of cirrhosis
 Extra intestinal findings:
  • Hyperpigmentation
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Arthralgia
  • Impotence in males
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Hypopituitarism
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Extrahepatic cancer
  • Prone to specific infections
Hematologic causes Myeloma Diffuse ± − − + ± −
  • Anemia
  • Elevated ESR and CRP
  • Proteinuria
 −
  • Mainly in old age
  • Back pain
  • Kidney involvement
Lymphoma Diffuse + − − + ± −
  • Anemia
  • Elevated ESR and CRP
 −
Leukemia Diffuse + ± − + ± −
  • Anemia
  • Elevated ESR and CRP
 −
Disease Abdominal Pain Fever Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Weight loss Hypo-

tension

Rebound Tenderness Lab Findings Imaging Comments
Cardiac causes Heart failure Diffuse/ RLQ/LLQ − − − + ± −
  • CBC
  • Increased BNP and Pro BNP
  • Echocardiography
  • Exertional dyspnea
  • Chest pain
  • Edema
Constrictive pericarditis Diffuse/ RLQ/LLQ − − − + ± − -
  • Echocardiography
  • Exertional dyspnea
  • Chest pain
  • Edema
Hepatic causes Viral hepatitis RUQ + + + + Positive in fulminant hepatitis +
  • Abnormal LFTs
  • Viral serology
  • US
  • Hep A and E have fecal-oral route of transmission
  • Hep B and C transmits via blood transfusion and sexual contact.
Liver abscess RUQ + + + + + ±
  • US
  • CT
Hepatocellular carcinoma/Metastasis RUQ + − + + − −
  • US
  • CT
  • Liver biopsy

Other symptoms:

Budd-Chiari syndrome RUQ ± − ± − − − CT scan findings: Ascitic fluid examination shows:

References

  1. ↑ Sapira JD, Williamson DL (1979). "How big is the normal liver?". Arch Intern Med. 139 (9): 971–3. PMID 475535.
  2. ↑ Niederau C, Sonnenberg A, Müller JE, Erckenbrecht JF, Scholten T, Fritsch WP (1983). "Sonographic measurements of the normal liver, spleen, pancreas, and portal vein". Radiology. 149 (2): 537–40. doi:10.1148/radiology.149.2.6622701. PMID 6622701.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wolf AD, Lavine JE (2000). "Hepatomegaly in neonates and children". Pediatr Rev. 21 (9): 303–10. PMID 10970452.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Chau TN, Lai ST, Tse C, Ng TK, Leung VK, Lim W, Ng MH (2006). "Epidemiology and clinical features of sporadic hepatitis E as compared with hepatitis A". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101 (2): 292–6. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00416.x. PMID 16454833.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bernstein DL, Hülkova H, Bialer MG, Desnick RJ (2013). "Cholesteryl ester storage disease: review of the findings in 135 reported patients with an underdiagnosed disease". J. Hepatol. 58 (6): 1230–43. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.02.014. PMID 23485521.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Torbenson M, Chen YY, Brunt E, Cummings OW, Gottfried M, Jakate S, Liu YC, Yeh MM, Ferrell L (2006). "Glycogenic hepatopathy: an underrecognized hepatic complication of diabetes mellitus". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 30 (4): 508–13. PMID 16625098.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Chatila R, West AB (1996). "Hepatomegaly and abnormal liver tests due to glycogenosis in adults with diabetes". Medicine (Baltimore). 75 (6): 327–33. PMID 8982149.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mukewar S, Sharma A, Lackore KA, Enders FT, Torbenson MS, Kamath PS, Roberts LR, Kudva YC (2017). "Clinical, Biochemical, and Histopathology Features of Patients With Glycogenic Hepatopathy". Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15 (6): 927–933. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.11.038. PMID 28043933.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Charrow J, Andersson HC, Kaplan P, Kolodny EH, Mistry P, Pastores G, Rosenbloom BE, Scott CR, Wappner RS, Weinreb NJ, Zimran A (2000). "The Gaucher registry: demographics and disease characteristics of 1698 patients with Gaucher disease". Arch. Intern. Med. 160 (18): 2835–43. PMID 11025794.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Drebber U, Kasper HU, Ratering J, Wedemeyer I, Schirmacher P, Dienes HP, Odenthal M (2008). "Hepatic granulomas: histological and molecular pathological approach to differential diagnosis--a study of 442 cases". Liver Int. 28 (6): 828–34. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01695.x. PMID 18312287.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Park MA, Mueller PS, Kyle RA, Larson DR, Plevak MF, Gertz MA (2003). "Primary (AL) hepatic amyloidosis: clinical features and natural history in 98 patients". Medicine (Baltimore). 82 (5): 291–8. doi:10.1097/01.md.0000091183.93122.c7. PMID 14530778.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Cooke CB, Krenacs L, Stetler-Stevenson M, Greiner TC, Raffeld M, Kingma DW, Abruzzo L, Frantz C, Kaviani M, Jaffe ES (1996). "Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity of cytotoxic gamma delta T-cell origin". Blood. 88 (11): 4265–74. PMID 8943863.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Long RG, Scheuer PJ, Sherlock S (1977). "Presentation and course of asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis". Gastroenterology. 72 (6): 1204–7. PMID 870368.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of cholestatic liver diseases". J. Hepatol. 51 (2): 237–67. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.04.009. PMID 19501929.


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