Headache differential diagnosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabeeh Islam, MBBS[2]
Disease | History and Physical Examination | PMHx | Diagnostic approach | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unilateral | Bilateral | Throbbing character | Autonomic symptoms | Fever | Photophobia | Aphasia | LOC | Aura | Nause/vomiting | Rash | Neck stiffness | Vision changes | Facial tenderness | Neurologic deficits | Labs and CSF findings | CT/MRI | Gold standard test | ||
Migraine | + | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | + | - | - | Trigger factors, family hx | - | - | Clinical assesment |
Tension-type headache (TTH) | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | stress, genetics | - | - | Clinical assesment |
Cluster headache | + | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | episodic history | - | - | Clinical assesment |
Seizure | - | + | - | - | - | - | +/- | + | +/- | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | Hx of seizures | prolactin level | +/- mass lesion | EEG [1] |
Meningitis | - | + | - | - | + | +/- | +/- | - | - | +/- | +/- | + | - | - | + | Hx of fever, malaise | <math>\uparrow</math>WBC
<math>\uparrow</math>Protein <math>\downarrow</math>glucose |
+/- | CSF analysis[2] |
Encephalitis | - | + | +/- | - | + | +/- | +/- | - | - | - | +/- | + | - | - | + | Hx of fever, malaise | elevated WBC, low glucose | + | CSF PCR |
Brain tumor[3] | - | + | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | +/- | - | - | +/- | - | +/- | weight loss, fatigue | neuromarkers,
Cancer cells[4] |
+/- mass | MRI |
Subdural hemorrhage | -/+ | -/+ | +/- | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | +/- | Trauma, fall | Xanthochromia | + | CT w/o contrast |
Subarachnoid hemorrhage | -/+ | + | +/- | - | - | +/- | +/- | - | - | - | - | +/- | +/- | - | +/- | thunderclap headache | <math>\uparrow</math>opening pressure, xanthochromia | + | CT w/o contrast |
Hypertensive encephalopathy | - | + | +/- | - | - | +/- | - | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | Hypertension | UA +/- | +/- | clinical assessment |
CNS abscess | -/+ | -/+ | - | - | + | - | +/- | - | - | +/- | +/- | +/- | +/- | - | +/- | History of drug abuse, endocarditis, immunosupression | ↑ leukocytes, ↓ glucose and ↑ protien | + | MRI |
Conversion disorder | -/+ | -/+ | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | - | - | +/- | +/- | - | +/- | History of emotional stress | - | - | Diagnosis of exclusion |
Multiple sclerosis | -/+ | -/+ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | +/- | History of relapses and remissions | ↑ CSF IgG levels
(monoclonal bands) |
+ | MRI |
Hemorrhagic stroke | -/+ | -/+ | +/- | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | +/- | HTN | - | + | CT scan without contrast[5][6] |
Neurosyphilis[7][8] | -/+ | -/+ | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | +/- | - | +/- | - | +/- | STIs | ↑ Leukocytes and protein | + | CSF VDRL-specifc
CSF FTA-Ab -sensitive[9] |
Wernicke’s encephalopathy | - | -/+ | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | +/- | History of alcohal abuse | blood ethanol levels | +/- | Clinical assesment and lab findings |
Drug toxicity | - | -/+ | - | - | +/- | - | - | +/- | - | +/- | - | +/- | +/- | - | +/- | Medication hx | Drug levels | - | Drug screen test |
Metabolic disturbances | - | -/+ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | +/- | - | +/- | Underlying CKD, CLD | Hypoglycemia, hypo and hypernatremia, hypo and hyperkalemia | - | Cause dependent |
NPH | - | -/+ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | +/- | - | - | OCP use, meds | - | +/- | CT and clinical |
Sinusitis | - | -/+ | - | - | +/- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | allergies, seasonal | leukocytosis | + | CT |
References
- ↑ Manford M (2001). "Assessment and investigation of possible epileptic seizures". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 70 Suppl 2: II3–8. PMC 1765557. PMID 11385043.
- ↑ Carbonnelle E (2009). "[Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis: usefulness of various tests for the determination of the etiological agent]". Med Mal Infect. 39 (7–8): 581–605. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2009.02.017. PMID 19398286.
- ↑ Morgenstern LB, Frankowski RF (1999). "Brain tumor masquerading as stroke". J Neurooncol. 44 (1): 47–52. PMID 10582668.
- ↑ Weston CL, Glantz MJ, Connor JR (2011). "Detection of cancer cells in the cerebrospinal fluid: current methods and future directions". Fluids Barriers CNS. 8 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/2045-8118-8-14. PMC 3059292. PMID 21371327.
- ↑ Birenbaum D, Bancroft LW, Felsberg GJ (2011). "Imaging in acute stroke". West J Emerg Med. 12 (1): 67–76. PMC 3088377. PMID 21694755.
- ↑ DeLaPaz RL, Wippold FJ, Cornelius RS, Amin-Hanjani S, Angtuaco EJ, Broderick DF; et al. (2011). "ACR Appropriateness Criteria® on cerebrovascular disease". J Am Coll Radiol. 8 (8): 532–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2011.05.010. PMID 21807345.
- ↑ Liu LL, Zheng WH, Tong ML, Liu GL, Zhang HL, Fu ZG; et al. (2012). "Ischemic stroke as a primary symptom of neurosyphilis among HIV-negative emergency patients". J Neurol Sci. 317 (1–2): 35–9. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.003. PMID 22482824.
- ↑ Berger JR, Dean D (2014). "Neurosyphilis". Handb Clin Neurol. 121: 1461–72. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00098-5. PMID 24365430.
- ↑ Ho EL, Marra CM (2012). "Treponemal tests for neurosyphilis--less accurate than what we thought?". Sex Transm Dis. 39 (4): 298–9. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31824ee574. PMC 3746559. PMID 22421697.