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| {{Head and neck cancer}} | | {{Head and neck cancer}} |
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| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}} {{M.N}} |
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| ==Overview==
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| ==Classification==
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| ''Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC's)'' make up the vast majority of head and neck cancers, and arise from [[mucosal]] surfaces throughout this anatomic region. These include tumors of the [[nasal cavity|nasal cavities]], [[paranasal sinuses]], [[oral cavity]], [[nasopharynx]], [[oropharynx]], [[hypopharynx]], and [[larynx]].
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| ===Nasal cavity===
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| ===Paranasal sinuses===
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| ===Oral cavity===
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| {{Main|Oral cancer}}
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| Squamous cell cancers are common in the oral cavity, including the inner lip, [[tongue]], floor of mouth, [[gingiva]]e, and [[hard palate]]. Cancers of the oral cavity are strongly associated with [[tobacco]] use, especially use of [[chewing tobacco]] or "dip", as well as heavy [[alcohol]] use. Cancers of this region, particularly the tongue, are more frequently treated with [[surgery]] than are other head and neck cancers.
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| Surgeries for oral cancers include
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| * Maxillectomy (can be done with or without Orbital exenteration
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| * Mandibulectomy (removal of the mandible or lower jaw or part of it)
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| * Glossectomy (tongue removal, can be total, hemi or partial)
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| * Radical neck dissection
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| * Moh's procedure
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| * Combinational e.g. glossectomy and laryngectomy done together.
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| The defect is covered/improved by using another part of the body and/or skin grafts and/or wearing a [[prosthesis]].
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| ===Nasopharynx===
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| [[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma|Nasopharyngeal cancer]] arises in the [[nasopharynx]], the region in which the [[nasal cavity|nasal cavities]] and the [[Eustachian tube]]s connect with the upper part of the throat. While some nasopharyngeal cancers are biologically similar to the common HNSCC, "poorly differentiated" nasopharyngeal carcinoma is distinct in its epidemiology, biology, clinical behavior, and treatment, and is treated as a separate disease by many experts.
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| Surgeries for nasal cancer (cancer of the nose)
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| * Surgery to removal the entire nose or part of the nose. Removal of all of the nose is called a total rhinectomy, for part of the nose it is called a partial rhinectomy. Afterwards to cover the defect, a new nose can be made by using another part of the body and/or a nose prosthesis is made.
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| ===Oropharynx===
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| Oropharyngeal cancer begins in the [[oropharynx]], the middle part of the throat that includes the [[soft palate]], the base of the [[tongue]], and the [[tonsil]]s. Squamous cell cancers of the tonsils are more strongly associated with [[human papillomavirus]] infection than are cancers of other regions of the head and neck.
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| ===Hypopharynx===
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| The hypopharynx includes the pyriform sinuses, the posterior pharyngeal wall, and the postcricoid area. Tumors of the hypopharynx frequently have an advanced stage at diagnosis, and have the most adverse prognoses of pharyngeal tumors. They tend to [[metastasis|metastasize]] early due to the extensive lymphatic network around the [[larynx]].
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| ===Larynx===
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| [[Laryngeal cancer]] begins in the [[larynx]] or "voice box." Cancer may occur on the [[vocal cords]] themselves ("glottic" cancer), or on tissues above and below the true cords ("supraglottic" and "subglottic" cancers respectively). Laryngeal cancer is strongly associated with [[tobacco smoking]].
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| Surgeries can include partial laryngectomy (removal of part of the larynx) and total laryngectomy (removal of the whole larnyx). If the whole larynx has been removed the person is left with a permanent tracheostomy opening and learns to speak again in a new way with the help of intensive teaching and speech therapy and/or an electronic device.
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| Also anyone who has had a glossectomy (tongue removal) will be taught to speak again in a new way and have intensive speech therapy
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| ===Trachea===
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| Cancer of the [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]] is a rare malignancy which can be biologically similar in many ways to head and neck cancer, and is sometimes classified as such.
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| Most tumors of the [[salivary glands]] differ from the common carcinomas of the head and neck in [[etiology]], [[histopathology]], clinical presentation, and therapy, Other uncommon tumors arising in the head and neck include [[teratoma]]s, [[adenocarcinomas]], [[adenoid cystic carcinoma]]s, and [[mucoepidermoid carcinoma]]s. Rarer still are [[melanomas]] and [[lymphomas]] of the upper aerodigestive tract.
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| ==References== | | ==References== |