Gonorrhea risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk factors== | ==Risk factors== | ||
Any sexually active person can be infected with gonorrhea. In the United States, the highest reported rates of infection are among sexually active teenagers, young adults, and African Americans.<ref name="pmid9607868">{{cite journal| author=Klausner JD, Barrett DC, Dithmer D, Boyer CB, Brooks GF, Bolan G| title=Risk factors for repeated gonococcal infections: San Francisco, 1990-1992. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1998 | volume= 177 | issue= 6 | pages= 1766-9 | pmid=9607868 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9607868 }} </ref><ref name=CDC-risk gonorrhea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea.htm Accessed September 20, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid1442733">{{cite journal| author=Hook EW, Reichart CA, Upchurch DM, Ray P, Celentano D, Quinn TC| title=Comparative behavioral epidemiology of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among patients attending a Baltimore, Maryland, sexually transmitted disease clinic. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 1992 | volume= 136 | issue= 6 | pages= 662-72 | pmid=1442733 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1442733 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9314811">{{cite journal| author=Mertz KJ, Levine WC, Mosure DJ, Berman SM, Dorian KJ, Hadgu A| title=Screening women for gonorrhea: demographic screening criteria for general clinical use. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 1997 | volume= 87 | issue= 9 | pages= 1535-8 | pmid=9314811 | doi= | pmc=1380985 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9314811 }} </ref> | Any sexually active person can be infected with gonorrhea. In the United States, the highest reported rates of infection are among sexually active teenagers, young adults, and African Americans.<ref name="pmid9607868">{{cite journal| author=Klausner JD, Barrett DC, Dithmer D, Boyer CB, Brooks GF, Bolan G| title=Risk factors for repeated gonococcal infections: San Francisco, 1990-1992. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1998 | volume= 177 | issue= 6 | pages= 1766-9 | pmid=9607868 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9607868 }} </ref><ref name=CDC-risk-gonorrhea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea.htm Accessed September 20, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid1442733">{{cite journal| author=Hook EW, Reichart CA, Upchurch DM, Ray P, Celentano D, Quinn TC| title=Comparative behavioral epidemiology of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among patients attending a Baltimore, Maryland, sexually transmitted disease clinic. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 1992 | volume= 136 | issue= 6 | pages= 662-72 | pmid=1442733 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1442733 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9314811">{{cite journal| author=Mertz KJ, Levine WC, Mosure DJ, Berman SM, Dorian KJ, Hadgu A| title=Screening women for gonorrhea: demographic screening criteria for general clinical use. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 1997 | volume= 87 | issue= 9 | pages= 1535-8 | pmid=9314811 | doi= | pmc=1380985 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9314811 }} </ref> | ||
Common risk factors in the development of [[gonococcal]] infection in hetrosexual population include: | Common risk factors in the development of [[gonococcal]] infection in hetrosexual population include: | ||
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**Abuse of substances (crystal methamphetamine) | **Abuse of substances (crystal methamphetamine) | ||
**History of HIV infection | **History of HIV infection | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 19:59, 20 September 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of gonorrhea include sexual activity, multiple sex partners, previous history of sexually transmitted diseases, and failure to use a condom during sex.
Risk factors
Any sexually active person can be infected with gonorrhea. In the United States, the highest reported rates of infection are among sexually active teenagers, young adults, and African Americans.[1][2][3][4]
Common risk factors in the development of gonococcal infection in hetrosexual population include:
- Have multiple sexual partners
- Have a partner with a past history of any sexually transmitted disease
- Do not use a condom during sex
- Have a drug addiction
- Male homosexuality
- Low socioeconomic status
- Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans
- Abuse of substances (crack and cocaine)
- Early age of onset of sexual activity
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- History of HIV infection
- Use of an intrauterine device (IUD)
- Male homosexuality
- Multiple anonymous partners
- Abuse of substances (crystal methamphetamine)
- History of HIV infection
References
- ↑ Klausner JD, Barrett DC, Dithmer D, Boyer CB, Brooks GF, Bolan G (1998). "Risk factors for repeated gonococcal infections: San Francisco, 1990-1992". J Infect Dis. 177 (6): 1766–9. PMID 9607868.
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea.htm Accessed September 20, 2016
- ↑ Hook EW, Reichart CA, Upchurch DM, Ray P, Celentano D, Quinn TC (1992). "Comparative behavioral epidemiology of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among patients attending a Baltimore, Maryland, sexually transmitted disease clinic". Am J Epidemiol. 136 (6): 662–72. PMID 1442733.
- ↑ Mertz KJ, Levine WC, Mosure DJ, Berman SM, Dorian KJ, Hadgu A (1997). "Screening women for gonorrhea: demographic screening criteria for general clinical use". Am J Public Health. 87 (9): 1535–8. PMC 1380985. PMID 9314811.