Glucagonoma pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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Image:1024px-Confluent epidermal necrosis - intermed mag.jpg|'''Histology of confluent epidermal necrosis''' '''(intermed mag)'''<small>Source:By Nephron - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16874054</small><ref name=picture>Glucagonoma. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Confluent_epidermal_necrosis_-_high_mag.jpg</ref>
Image:1024px-Confluent epidermal necrosis - intermed mag.jpg|'''Histology of confluent epidermal necrosis''' '''(intermed mag)'''<small>Source:By Nephron - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16874054</small><ref name=picture>Glucagonoma. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Confluent_epidermal_necrosis_-_high_mag.jpg</ref>
Image:800px-Confluent epidermal necrosis - low mag.jpg|'''Histology of confluent epidermal necrosis (low mag)'''<small>Source:By Nephron - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16874054</small><ref name=picture>Glucagonoma. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Confluent_epidermal_necrosis_-_high_mag.jpg</ref>
Image:1752-1947-5-402-1.jpg|(A) Skin lesions affecting pretibial area. (B) Skin biopsy in necrolytic migratory erythema showing a zone of necrolysis and vacuolated keratinocytes<ref name="pmid21859461">{{cite journal| author=Castro PG, de León AM, Trancón JG, Martínez PA, Alvarez Pérez JA, Fernández Fernández JC et al.| title=Glucagonoma syndrome: a case report. | journal=J Med Case Rep | year= 2011 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 402 | pmid=21859461 | doi=10.1186/1752-1947-5-402 | pmc=PMC3171381 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21859461  }} </ref>
Image:NEM111.jpg|Skin biopsy in necrolytic migratory erythema showing a large zone of necrolysis in the upper epidermis (arrow)<ref name="pmid25152626">{{cite journal| author=Fang S, Li S, Cai T| title=Glucagonoma syndrome: a case report with focus on skin disorders. | journal=Onco Targets Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue=  | pages= 1449-53 | pmid=25152626 | doi=10.2147/OTT.S66285 | pmc=PMC4140234 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25152626  }} </ref>


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Latest revision as of 22:28, 30 May 2019

Glucagonoma Microchapters

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Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Glucagonoma from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

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Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [2] Mohammed Abdelwahed M.D[3]

Overview

Glucagonoma is a tumor of the alpha cells of the pancreas characterized by the excessive secretion of glucagon and necrolytic migratory erythema. Glucagonoma causes hyperglucagonemia, zinc deficiency, fatty acid deficiency, hypoaminoacidemia that may cause necrolytic migratory erythema. Glucagonoma may be a part of type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia. It is an autosomal dominant syndrome that is usually caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene. MEN1 gene is a tumor suppressor gene and causes type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia by Knudson's "two hits" model for tumor development. All glucagonomas are located in the pancreas, 50–80% occur in the pancreatic tail, 32.2% in the body and 21.9% in the head. Glucagonoma can metastasize mainly to the liver. Glucagonomas consist of pleomorphic cells containing granules that stain for other peptides, most frequently pancreatic polypeptide. Immunoperoxidase staining can detect glucagon within the tumor cells and glucagon.

Pathogenesis

Genetics

Glucagonoma may be part of type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia. It is an autosomal dominant syndrome that is usually caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Gross Pathology

The gross pathology of glucagonoma may show:[7][8][9]

  • Large tumors at diagnosis with a mean diameter of 5 cm. About 50 to 82% have evidence of metastatic spread at presentation.
  • Tumors smaller than 2 cm in diameter are associated with a very low chance of malignancy.

Microscopic Pathology

The microscopic pathology of glucagonoma tumors in pancreas usually show intense staining for glucagon.[10][11]

Images

References

  1. Frankton S, Bloom SR (1996). "Gastrointestinal endocrine tumours. Glucagonomas". Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 10 (4): 697–705. PMID 9113318.
  2. Braverman IM (1982). ""Cutaneous manifestations of internal malignant tumors" by Becker, Kahn and Rothman, June 1942. Commentary: Migratory necrolytic erythema". Arch Dermatol. 118 (10): 784–98. PMID 6127984.
  3. Necrolytic migratory erythema. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrolytic_migratory_erythema. Accessed on October 13, 2015.
  4. Mullans EA, Cohen PR (1998). "Iatrogenic necrolytic migratory erythema: a case report and review of nonglucagonoma-associated necrolytic migratory erythema". J Am Acad Dermatol. 38 (5 Pt 2): 866–73. PMID 9591806.
  5. STURZBECHER M (1963). "[8 letters of Ferdinand von HEBRAS on his contributin to Virchow's Handbuch der Speziellen Pathologie and Therapie]". Z Haut Geschlechtskr. 34: 281–6. PMID 13978995.
  6. Wilson LA, Kuhn JA, Corbisiero RM, Smith M, Beatty JD, Williams LE; et al. (1992). "A technical analysis of an intraoperative radiation detection probe". Med Phys. 19 (5): 1219–23. doi:10.1118/1.596754. PMID 1435602.
  7. Castro PG, de León AM, Trancón JG, Martínez PA, Alvarez Pérez JA, Fernández Fernández JC; et al. (2011). "Glucagonoma syndrome: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 5: 402. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-5-402. PMC 3171381. PMID 21859461.
  8. Soga J, Yakuwa Y (1998). "Glucagonomas/diabetico-dermatogenic syndrome (DDS): a statistical evaluation of 407 reported cases". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 5 (3): 312–9. PMID 9880781.
  9. Fang S, Li S, Cai T (2014). "Glucagonoma syndrome: a case report with focus on skin disorders". Onco Targets Ther. 7: 1449–53. doi:10.2147/OTT.S66285. PMC 4140234. PMID 25152626.
  10. Warner TF, Block M, Hafez GR, Mack E, Lloyd RV, Bloom SR (1983). "Glucagonomas. Ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry". Cancer. 51 (6): 1091–6. PMID 6295622.
  11. Mozell E, Stenzel P, Woltering EA, Rösch J, O'Dorisio TM (1990). "Functional endocrine tumors of the pancreas: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment". Curr Probl Surg. 27 (6): 301–86. PMID 1973365.
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 Glucagonoma. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Confluent_epidermal_necrosis_-_high_mag.jpg

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