Glasgow coma scale: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
 
(27 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{PB}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{PB}}, {{SSH}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
The '''Glasgow Coma Scale''' or '''GCS''' is a neurological scale that aims to give a reliable, objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment. A patient is assessed against the criteria of the scale, and the resulting points give a patient score between 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) and either 14 (original scale) or 15 (the more widely used modified or revised scale). GCS was initially used to assess [[level of consciousness]] after [[head injury]], and the scale is now used by [[first aid]], emergency medical services, and doctors as being applicable to all acute medical and trauma patients. In hospitals it is also used in monitoring chronic patients in the [[intensive care]]. The scale was published in 1974 by Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett, professors of neurosurgery at the University of Glasgow's Institute of Neurological Sciences at the city's Southern General Hospital.
The '''Glasgow Coma Scale''' or '''GCS''' is a neurological scale that aims to give a reliable, objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment. A patient is assessed against the criteria of the scale, and the resulting points give a patient score between 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) and either 14 (original scale) or 15 (the more widely used modified or revised scale). GCS was initially used to assess [[level of consciousness]] after [[head injury]], and the scale is now used by [[first aid]], emergency medical services, and doctors as being applicable to all acute medical and trauma patients. In hospitals it is also used in monitoring chronic patients in the [[intensive care]]. The scale was published in 1974 by Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett, professors of neurosurgery at the University of Glasgow's Institute of Neurological Sciences at the city's Southern General Hospital.
==Glasgow Coma Scale Calculator==
The scale is composed of three tests: eye, verbal and motor responses.  The three values separately, as well as their sum, are considered. The lowest possible GCS (the sum) is 3 (deep [[coma]] or [[death]]), while the highest is 15 (fully awake person).
===Calculation of Glasgow Coma Scale===


{{#Widget:Adult_GCS}}
==Glasgow Coma Scale==
The '''Glasgow Coma Scale''' or '''GCS''' is a neurological scale that aims to give a reliable, objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment. A patient is assessed against the criteria of the scale, and the resulting points give a patient score between 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) and either 14 (original scale) or 15 (the more widely used modified or revised scale). GCS was initially used to assess [[level of consciousness]] after [[head injury]], and the scale is now used by [[first aid]], emergency medical services, and doctors as being applicable to all acute medical and trauma patients. In hospitals it is also used in monitoring chronic patients in the [[intensive care]]. The scale was published in 1974 by Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett, professors of neurosurgery at the University of Glasgow's Institute of Neurological Sciences at the city's Southern General Hospital.
== Glasgow Coma Scale Calculator ==
The scale is composed of three tests: eye, verbal and motor responses. The three values separately, as well as their sum, are considered. The lowest possible GCS (the sum) is 3 (deep [[coma]] or [[death]]), while the highest is 15 (fully awake person).


===Interpretation of Glasgow Coma Scale===
==Interpretation==
Individual elements as well as the sum of the score are important.  Hence, the score is expressed in the form "GCS 9 = E2 V4 M3 at 07:35".<ref>{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = http://www.bt.cdc.gov/masscasualties/pdf/glasgow-coma-scale.pdf | url = http://www.bt.cdc.gov/masscasualties/pdf/glasgow-coma-scale.pdf | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = }}</ref> Generally when a patient is in a decline of their GCS score, the nurse or medical staff should assess the cranial nerves and determine which of the twelve have been affected. [[Tracheal intubation]] and severe facial/eye swelling or damage make it impossible to test the verbal and eye responses. In these circumstances, the score is given as 1 with a modifier attached e.g. "E1c" where "c" = closed, or "V1t" where t = tube. A composite might be "GCS 5tc". This would mean, for example, eyes closed because of swelling = 1, intubated = 1, leaving a motor score of 3 for "abnormal flexion". Often the 1 is left out, so the scale reads Ec or Vt.
Individual elements, as well as the sum of the score, are important.  Hence, the score is expressed in the form "GCS 9 = E2 V4 M3 at 07:35". Generally, when a patient is in a decline of their GCS score, the nurse or medical staff should assess the cranial nerves and determine which of the twelve have been affected. [[Tracheal intubation]] and severe facial/eye swelling or damage make it impossible to test the verbal and eye responses. In these circumstances, the score is given as 1 with a modifier attached e.g. "E1c" where "c" = closed, or "V1t" where t = tube. A composite might be "GCS 5tc". This would mean, for example, eyes closed because of swelling = 1, intubated = 1, leaving a motor score of 3 for "abnormal flexion". Often the 1 is left out, so the scale reads Ec or Vt.


Brain injury is classified as:
Brain injury is classified as:
Line 24: Line 24:
* GCS 4: Deep coma; Coma Grade III
* GCS 4: Deep coma; Coma Grade III
* GCS 3: Deep coma; Coma Grade IV
* GCS 3: Deep coma; Coma Grade IV
The GCS has limited applicability to children, especially below the age of 36 months (where the verbal performance of even a healthy child would be expected to be poor). Consequently the [[Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale]], a separate yet closely related scale, was developed for assessing young children.
 
The GCS has limited applicability to children, especially below the age of 36 months (where the verbal performance of even a healthy child would be expected to be poor). Consequently, the [[Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale]], a separate yet closely related scale, was developed for assessing young children.
<ref name="www.bt.cdc.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Glasgow Coma Scale|Mass Casualties | url = http://www.bt.cdc.gov/masscasualties/gscale.asp | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 8 March 2014 }} {{Dead link| date=March 2016}}</ref>


{{#ev:youtube|FihnmEx6Rqk}}
{{#ev:youtube|FihnmEx6Rqk}}


==Disclaimer==
==Disclaimer==
Based on motor responsiveness, verbal performance, and eye opening to appropriate stimuli, the Glascow Coma Scale was designed and should be used to assess the depth and duration coma and impaired consciousness. This scale helps to gauge the impact of a wide variety of conditions such as acute brain damage due to traumatic and/or vascular injuries or infections, metabolic disorders (e.g., hepatic or renal failure, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketosis) etc.<ref>{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = http://www.bt.cdc.gov/masscasualties/pdf/glasgow-coma-scale.pdf | url = http://www.bt.cdc.gov/masscasualties/pdf/glasgow-coma-scale.pdf | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = }}</ref>
Based on motor responsiveness, verbal performance, and eye opening to appropriate stimuli, the Glasgow Coma Scale was designed and should be used to assess the depth and duration of coma and impaired consciousness. This scale helps to gauge the impact of a wide variety of conditions such as acute brain damage due to traumatic and/or vascular injuries or infections, metabolic disorders (e.g., hepatic or renal failure, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketosis) etc.


==Revisions==
==Revisions==
* Glasgow Coma Scale: While the 15-point scale is the predominant one in use, this is in fact a modification and is more correctly referred to as the Modified Glasgow Coma Scale. The original scale was a 14 point scale, omitting the category of "abnormal flexion". Some centres still use this older scale, but most (including the Glasgow unit where the original work was done) have adopted the modified one.
* Glasgow Coma Scale: While the 15-point scale is the predominant one in use, this is, in fact, a modification and is more correctly referred to as the Modified Glasgow Coma Scale. The original scale was a 14 point scale, omitting the category of "abnormal flexion". Some centers still use this older scale, but most (including the Glasgow unit where the original work was done) have adopted the modified one.
* The Rappaport Coma/Near Coma Scale made other changes.
* The Rappaport Coma/Near Coma Scale made other changes
* Meredith W., Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, EMery S, Kromhout-Schiro S have proposed calculating the verbal score based on the measurable eye and motor responses.
* Meredith W., Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, EMery S, Kromhout-Schiro S have proposed calculating the verbal score based on the measurable eye and motor responses.


Line 46: Line 45:
* [[Rancho Los Amigos Scale]]
* [[Rancho Los Amigos Scale]]
* [[Revised Trauma Score]]
* [[Revised Trauma Score]]
==External links==
* {{MeshName|Glasgow+Coma+Scale}}
* [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aadima.apps.gcs An Android app to calculate GCS / PGCS]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 05:21, 10 February 2019

WikiDoc Resources for Glasgow coma scale

Articles

Most recent articles on Glasgow coma scale

Most cited articles on Glasgow coma scale

Review articles on Glasgow coma scale

Articles on Glasgow coma scale in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Glasgow coma scale

Images of Glasgow coma scale

Photos of Glasgow coma scale

Podcasts & MP3s on Glasgow coma scale

Videos on Glasgow coma scale

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Glasgow coma scale

Bandolier on Glasgow coma scale

TRIP on Glasgow coma scale

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Glasgow coma scale at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Glasgow coma scale

Clinical Trials on Glasgow coma scale at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Glasgow coma scale

NICE Guidance on Glasgow coma scale

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Glasgow coma scale

CDC on Glasgow coma scale

Books

Books on Glasgow coma scale

News

Glasgow coma scale in the news

Be alerted to news on Glasgow coma scale

News trends on Glasgow coma scale

Commentary

Blogs on Glasgow coma scale

Definitions

Definitions of Glasgow coma scale

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Glasgow coma scale

Discussion groups on Glasgow coma scale

Patient Handouts on Glasgow coma scale

Directions to Hospitals Treating Glasgow coma scale

Risk calculators and risk factors for Glasgow coma scale

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Glasgow coma scale

Causes & Risk Factors for Glasgow coma scale

Diagnostic studies for Glasgow coma scale

Treatment of Glasgow coma scale

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Glasgow coma scale

International

Glasgow coma scale en Espanol

Glasgow coma scale en Francais

Business

Glasgow coma scale in the Marketplace

Patents on Glasgow coma scale

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Glasgow coma scale

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Pratik Bahekar, MBBS [2], Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[3]

Overview

The Glasgow Coma Scale or GCS is a neurological scale that aims to give a reliable, objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment. A patient is assessed against the criteria of the scale, and the resulting points give a patient score between 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) and either 14 (original scale) or 15 (the more widely used modified or revised scale). GCS was initially used to assess level of consciousness after head injury, and the scale is now used by first aid, emergency medical services, and doctors as being applicable to all acute medical and trauma patients. In hospitals it is also used in monitoring chronic patients in the intensive care. The scale was published in 1974 by Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett, professors of neurosurgery at the University of Glasgow's Institute of Neurological Sciences at the city's Southern General Hospital.

Glasgow Coma Scale

The Glasgow Coma Scale or GCS is a neurological scale that aims to give a reliable, objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment. A patient is assessed against the criteria of the scale, and the resulting points give a patient score between 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) and either 14 (original scale) or 15 (the more widely used modified or revised scale). GCS was initially used to assess level of consciousness after head injury, and the scale is now used by first aid, emergency medical services, and doctors as being applicable to all acute medical and trauma patients. In hospitals it is also used in monitoring chronic patients in the intensive care. The scale was published in 1974 by Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett, professors of neurosurgery at the University of Glasgow's Institute of Neurological Sciences at the city's Southern General Hospital.

Glasgow Coma Scale Calculator

The scale is composed of three tests: eye, verbal and motor responses. The three values separately, as well as their sum, are considered. The lowest possible GCS (the sum) is 3 (deep coma or death), while the highest is 15 (fully awake person).

Interpretation

Individual elements, as well as the sum of the score, are important. Hence, the score is expressed in the form "GCS 9 = E2 V4 M3 at 07:35". Generally, when a patient is in a decline of their GCS score, the nurse or medical staff should assess the cranial nerves and determine which of the twelve have been affected. Tracheal intubation and severe facial/eye swelling or damage make it impossible to test the verbal and eye responses. In these circumstances, the score is given as 1 with a modifier attached e.g. "E1c" where "c" = closed, or "V1t" where t = tube. A composite might be "GCS 5tc". This would mean, for example, eyes closed because of swelling = 1, intubated = 1, leaving a motor score of 3 for "abnormal flexion". Often the 1 is left out, so the scale reads Ec or Vt.

Brain injury is classified as:

  • GCS 8-15 and somnolence: Sleepy, easy to wake
  • GCS 8-15 and stupor: Hypnoid, hard to wake
  • GCS ≥ 13: Mild Head Injury
  • GCS 9–12: Moderate Head Injury
  • GCS ≤ 8: Severe Head Injury
  • GCS 7-8: Light coma; Coma Grade I
  • GCS 5-6: Light coma; Coma Grade II
  • GCS 4: Deep coma; Coma Grade III
  • GCS 3: Deep coma; Coma Grade IV

The GCS has limited applicability to children, especially below the age of 36 months (where the verbal performance of even a healthy child would be expected to be poor). Consequently, the Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale, a separate yet closely related scale, was developed for assessing young children.

{{#ev:youtube|FihnmEx6Rqk}}

Disclaimer

Based on motor responsiveness, verbal performance, and eye opening to appropriate stimuli, the Glasgow Coma Scale was designed and should be used to assess the depth and duration of coma and impaired consciousness. This scale helps to gauge the impact of a wide variety of conditions such as acute brain damage due to traumatic and/or vascular injuries or infections, metabolic disorders (e.g., hepatic or renal failure, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketosis) etc.

Revisions

  • Glasgow Coma Scale: While the 15-point scale is the predominant one in use, this is, in fact, a modification and is more correctly referred to as the Modified Glasgow Coma Scale. The original scale was a 14 point scale, omitting the category of "abnormal flexion". Some centers still use this older scale, but most (including the Glasgow unit where the original work was done) have adopted the modified one.
  • The Rappaport Coma/Near Coma Scale made other changes
  • Meredith W., Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, EMery S, Kromhout-Schiro S have proposed calculating the verbal score based on the measurable eye and motor responses.

Controversy

The GCS has come under pressure from some researchers that take issue with the scale's issues, such as poor inter-rater reliability and lack of prognostic utility.[1] Although there is not an agreed upon alternative, newer scores such as the Simplified Motor Scale and FOUR Score have also been developed as improvements to the GCS.[2] While inter-rater reliability of these newer scores have been slightly higher than the GCS, they were not significant enough to gain consensus as a replacement.

See also

References

  1. Green, S. M. (2011). Cheerio, Laddie! Bidding Farewell to the Glasgow Coma Scale. Annals of emergency medicine, 58(5), 427_430. Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.06.009
  2. Iver, VN; Mandrekar, JN; Danielson, RD; Zubkov, AY; Elmer, JL; Wijdicks, EF (2009). "Validity of the FOUR score coma scale in the medical intensive care unit". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 84 (8): 694–701. PMID 19648386.


Template:WikiDoc Sources