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== [[Empyema classification]] ==
== [[Empyema classification]] ==
[[Pleural empyema|Pleural Empyema]] | [[Subdural empyema|Subdural empyema]]
[[Pleural empyema|Pleural Empyema]] | [[Subdural empyema|Subdural empyema]]
===Classification by organ system or location of empyema===
====[[Pleural empyema]]====
This is also called empyema thoracis. Thoracic empyema arises from an infection within the lung, often associated with parapneumonic effusions. Parapneumonic effusions may be uncomplicated or complicated effusions. Complicated parapneumonic effusion results when bacteria invade the pleural space with a resultant formation of an empyema thoracis.
====Gallbladder empyema====
Gallbladder empyema is also called '''suppurative [[cholecystitis]]''' which may  complicate acute/chronic cholecystitis whereby pus collects in the gall bladder lumen. It is common in people with [[diabetes]] and [[atherosclerotic]] disease.<ref name="pmid17374864">{{cite journal| author=Watanabe Y, Nagayama M, Okumura A, Amoh Y, Katsube T, Suga T et al.| title=MR imaging of acute biliary disorders. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2007 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 477-95 | pmid=17374864 | doi=10.1148/rg.272055148 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17374864  }}</ref><ref name="pmid21427298">{{cite journal| author=O'Connor OJ, Maher MM| title=Imaging of cholecystitis. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 2011 | volume= 196 | issue= 4 | pages= W367-74 | pmid=21427298 | doi=10.2214/AJR.10.4340 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21427298  }} </ref>
Normally results from an obstruction of the cystic duct hampering drainage of bile from the gall bladder which becomes secondarily infected.
====[[Subdural empyema]]====
[[Subdural empyema|Subdural]] empyema  is rare, however it may complicate one-third of all intracranial infections. Subdural empyema may follow pansinusitis, mastoiditis, orbital cellulitis and after surgery for lumbar lipomyelomeningocele manifesting with seizures, focal neurological deficits and altered mentatal status and possible progression to coma.<ref name="pmid2891793">{{cite journal| author=Miller ES, Dias PS, Uttley D| title=Management of subdural empyema: a series of 24 cases. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1987 | volume= 50 | issue= 11 | pages= 1415-8 | pmid=2891793 | doi= | pmc=1032550 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2891793  }}</ref><ref name="pmid27999711">{{cite journal| author=Yüksel MO, Gürbüz MS, Karaarslan N, Caliskan T| title=Rapidly progressing interhemispheric subdural empyema showing a three-fold increase in size within 12 hours: Case report. | journal=Surg Neurol Int | year= 2016 | volume= 7 | issue= Suppl 37 | pages= S872-S875 | pmid=27999711 | doi=10.4103/2152-7806.194495 | pmc=5154207 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27999711  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27898560">{{cite journal| author=Yocum D| title=Fusobacterium nucleatum: An unusual cause of subdural empyema. | journal=JAAPA | year= 2016 | volume= 29 | issue= 12 | pages= 1-4 | pmid=27898560 | doi=10.1097/01.JAA.0000508216.58368.74 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27898560  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27826090">{{cite journal| author=Guan J, Spivak ES, Wilkerson C, Park MS| title=Subdural Empyema in the Setting of Multimodal Intracranial Monitoring. | journal=World Neurosurg | year= 2016 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=27826090 | doi=10.1016/j.wneu.2016.10.133 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27826090  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27751703">{{cite journal| author=Byrne N, Plonsker JH, Tan LA, Byrne RW, Munoz LF| title=Orbital Cellulitis with Pansinusitis and Subdural Empyema. | journal=J Emerg Med | year= 2016 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=27751703 | doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.05.067 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27751703  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27635411">{{cite journal| author=Pallangyo P, Lyimo F, Nicholaus P, Kain U, Janabi M| title=Spontaneous Subdural Empyema Following a High-Parasitemia Falciparum Infection in a 58-Year-Old Female From a Malaria-Endemic Region: A Case Report. | journal=J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 4 | issue= 3 | pages= 2324709616666567 | pmid=27635411 | doi=10.1177/2324709616666567 | pmc=5011302 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27635411  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27651110">{{cite journal| author=Doan N, Patel M, Nguyen HS, Mountoure A, Shabani S, Gelsomino M et al.| title=Intracranial subdural empyema mimicking a recurrent chronic subdural hematoma. | journal=J Surg Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= 9 | pages=  | pmid=27651110 | doi=10.1093/jscr/rjw158 | pmc=5029463 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27651110  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27274400">{{cite journal| author=Nguyen HS, Foy A, Havens P| title=Intracranial subdural empyema after surgery for lumbar lipomyelomeningocele: A rare complication. | journal=Surg Neurol Int | year= 2016 | volume= 7 | issue= Suppl 12 | pages= S301-4 | pmid=27274400 | doi=10.4103/2152-7806.182388 | pmc=4879841 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27274400  }} </ref>
====Joint empyema====
This usually occurs after superimposed infection of the sinovial fluid following some procedures example post-lumbar or sacroiliac discectomy and instrumentation or surgery.<ref name="pmid26769350">{{cite journal| author=Bayraktutan U, Sade R, Kantarci M| title=Septic arthritis and empyema of the sacroiliac joint after lumbar discectomy and instrumentation. | journal=Spine J | year= 2016 | volume= 16 | issue= 7 | pages= e417-8 | pmid=26769350 | doi=10.1016/j.spinee.2015.12.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26769350  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26012684">{{cite journal| author=Schneider MM, Preiss S, Harder LP, Salzmann GM| title=[Destructive chondrolysis following intraarticular application of lavasorb (polihexanid) for treatment of knee empyema]. | journal=MMW Fortschr Med | year= 2015 | volume= 157 | issue= 8 | pages= 47-8 | pmid=26012684 | doi=10.1007/s15006-015-3033-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26012684  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24217715">{{cite journal| author=Oheim R, Gille J, Schoop R, Badih S, Grimme CH, Schulz AP et al.| title=Surgical therapy of extensive knee joint empyema: mid-term results after two-stage versus one-stage procedures. | journal=Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc | year= 2014 | volume= 22 | issue= 12 | pages= 3150-6 | pmid=24217715 | doi=10.1007/s00167-013-2754-y | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24217715  }} </ref>
====Empyema cystitis====
This type of empyema may complicate a dysfunctional<ref name="pmid24554081">{{cite journal| author=Min Z| title=A forgotten complication of a defunctionalized urinary bladder: pyocystis. | journal=Intern Emerg Med | year= 2014 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 691-2 | pmid=24554081 | doi=10.1007/s11739-014-1060-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24554081  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1118412">{{cite journal| author=Szkodny A, Przybyla J| title=[Bladder empyema]. | journal=Pol Przegl Chir | year= 1975 | volume= 47 | issue= 2A | pages= 301-2 | pmid=1118412 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1118412  }} </ref> or an obstructed<ref name="pmid4704614">{{cite journal| author=Sharon V, Kimche D, Kende L| title=[Empyema of the obstructed urinary bladder]. | journal=Harefuah | year= 1973 | volume= 84 | issue= 2 | pages= 75-7 | pmid=4704614 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4704614  }} </ref> urinary bladder.
Empyema cystis may be treated by intermittent self-catherterization<ref name="pmid1168734">{{cite journal| author=Herwig KR| title=Empyema cystis treated by intermittent self-catherterization. | journal=J Urol | year= 1975 | volume= 113 | issue= 5 | pages= 719 | pmid=1168734 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1168734  }} </ref> or vaginal vesicostomy for empyema of dysfunctional bladder<ref name="pmid5116304">{{cite journal| author=Spence HM, Allen TD| title=Vaginal vesicostomy for empyema of the defunctionalized bladder. | journal=J Urol | year= 1971 | volume= 106 | issue= 6 | pages= 862-4 | pmid=5116304 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5116304  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:44, 16 January 2017

Empyema Microchapters

Patient Information

Overview

Classification

Subdural empyema
Pleural empyema

Differential Diagnosis

For patient information click here
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]


For detailed information on pleural empyema click here.

For detailed information on subdural empyema click here.

Empyema overview

Empyema classification

Pleural Empyema | Subdural empyema


Classification by organ system or location of empyema

Pleural empyema

This is also called empyema thoracis. Thoracic empyema arises from an infection within the lung, often associated with parapneumonic effusions. Parapneumonic effusions may be uncomplicated or complicated effusions. Complicated parapneumonic effusion results when bacteria invade the pleural space with a resultant formation of an empyema thoracis.

Gallbladder empyema

Gallbladder empyema is also called suppurative cholecystitis which may complicate acute/chronic cholecystitis whereby pus collects in the gall bladder lumen. It is common in people with diabetes and atherosclerotic disease.[1][2]

Normally results from an obstruction of the cystic duct hampering drainage of bile from the gall bladder which becomes secondarily infected.

Subdural empyema

Subdural empyema  is rare, however it may complicate one-third of all intracranial infections. Subdural empyema may follow pansinusitis, mastoiditis, orbital cellulitis and after surgery for lumbar lipomyelomeningocele manifesting with seizures, focal neurological deficits and altered mentatal status and possible progression to coma.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Joint empyema

This usually occurs after superimposed infection of the sinovial fluid following some procedures example post-lumbar or sacroiliac discectomy and instrumentation or surgery.[11][12][13]

Empyema cystitis

This type of empyema may complicate a dysfunctional[14][15] or an obstructed[16] urinary bladder. Empyema cystis may be treated by intermittent self-catherterization[17] or vaginal vesicostomy for empyema of dysfunctional bladder[18]


References

  1. ↑ Watanabe Y, Nagayama M, Okumura A, Amoh Y, Katsube T, Suga T; et al. (2007). "MR imaging of acute biliary disorders". Radiographics. 27 (2): 477–95. doi:10.1148/rg.272055148. PMID 17374864.
  2. ↑ O'Connor OJ, Maher MM (2011). "Imaging of cholecystitis". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 196 (4): W367–74. doi:10.2214/AJR.10.4340. PMID 21427298.
  3. ↑ Miller ES, Dias PS, Uttley D (1987). "Management of subdural empyema: a series of 24 cases". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 50 (11): 1415–8. PMC 1032550. PMID 2891793.
  4. ↑ Yüksel MO, Gürbüz MS, Karaarslan N, Caliskan T (2016). "Rapidly progressing interhemispheric subdural empyema showing a three-fold increase in size within 12 hours: Case report". Surg Neurol Int. 7 (Suppl 37): S872–S875. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.194495. PMC 5154207. PMID 27999711.
  5. ↑ Yocum D (2016). "Fusobacterium nucleatum: An unusual cause of subdural empyema". JAAPA. 29 (12): 1–4. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000508216.58368.74. PMID 27898560.
  6. ↑ Guan J, Spivak ES, Wilkerson C, Park MS (2016). "Subdural Empyema in the Setting of Multimodal Intracranial Monitoring". World Neurosurg. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2016.10.133. PMID 27826090.
  7. ↑ Byrne N, Plonsker JH, Tan LA, Byrne RW, Munoz LF (2016). "Orbital Cellulitis with Pansinusitis and Subdural Empyema". J Emerg Med. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.05.067. PMID 27751703.
  8. ↑ Pallangyo P, Lyimo F, Nicholaus P, Kain U, Janabi M (2016). "Spontaneous Subdural Empyema Following a High-Parasitemia Falciparum Infection in a 58-Year-Old Female From a Malaria-Endemic Region: A Case Report". J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 4 (3): 2324709616666567. doi:10.1177/2324709616666567. PMC 5011302. PMID 27635411.
  9. ↑ Doan N, Patel M, Nguyen HS, Mountoure A, Shabani S, Gelsomino M; et al. (2016). "Intracranial subdural empyema mimicking a recurrent chronic subdural hematoma". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (9). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw158. PMC 5029463. PMID 27651110.
  10. ↑ Nguyen HS, Foy A, Havens P (2016). "Intracranial subdural empyema after surgery for lumbar lipomyelomeningocele: A rare complication". Surg Neurol Int. 7 (Suppl 12): S301–4. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.182388. PMC 4879841. PMID 27274400.
  11. ↑ Bayraktutan U, Sade R, Kantarci M (2016). "Septic arthritis and empyema of the sacroiliac joint after lumbar discectomy and instrumentation". Spine J. 16 (7): e417–8. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.12.033. PMID 26769350.
  12. ↑ Schneider MM, Preiss S, Harder LP, Salzmann GM (2015). "[Destructive chondrolysis following intraarticular application of lavasorb (polihexanid) for treatment of knee empyema]". MMW Fortschr Med. 157 (8): 47–8. doi:10.1007/s15006-015-3033-2. PMID 26012684.
  13. ↑ Oheim R, Gille J, Schoop R, Badih S, Grimme CH, Schulz AP; et al. (2014). "Surgical therapy of extensive knee joint empyema: mid-term results after two-stage versus one-stage procedures". Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 22 (12): 3150–6. doi:10.1007/s00167-013-2754-y. PMID 24217715.
  14. ↑ Min Z (2014). "A forgotten complication of a defunctionalized urinary bladder: pyocystis". Intern Emerg Med. 9 (6): 691–2. doi:10.1007/s11739-014-1060-0. PMID 24554081.
  15. ↑ Szkodny A, Przybyla J (1975). "[Bladder empyema]". Pol Przegl Chir. 47 (2A): 301–2. PMID 1118412.
  16. ↑ Sharon V, Kimche D, Kende L (1973). "[Empyema of the obstructed urinary bladder]". Harefuah. 84 (2): 75–7. PMID 4704614.
  17. ↑ Herwig KR (1975). "Empyema cystis treated by intermittent self-catherterization". J Urol. 113 (5): 719. PMID 1168734.
  18. ↑ Spence HM, Allen TD (1971). "Vaginal vesicostomy for empyema of the defunctionalized bladder". J Urol. 106 (6): 862–4. PMID 5116304.

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