Diseases of immune dysregulation

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Overview

Classification

Immunodeficiency Affecting Cellular and Humoral Immunity

Combined Immunodeficiency

Predominantly Antibody Deficiency

Diseases of Immune Dysregulation

Congenital Defects of Phagocytes

Defects in Intrinsic and Innate Immunity

Auto-inflammatory Disorders

Complement Deficiencies

Phenocopies of Primary Immunodeficiency

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zahir Ali Shaikh, MD[2], Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[3]

Overview

Classification


 
 
Diseases of Immune Dysregulation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(A) Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) & EBV susceptibility
 
(B) Syndromes with Autoimmunity and Others
 
 
 
 
 


Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) & EBV Susceptibility


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Diseases Of Immune Dysregulation:
(A) Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) & EBV Susceptibility
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis(HLH)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Susceptibility to EBV
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hypopigmentation
 
 
Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Syndromes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EBV Associated with HLH
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chediak Higashi Syndrome:LYST
 
 
Perforin Deficiency(FHL2)
 
 
 
RASGRP1 Deficiency
 
 
XL,XLP1.SH2DIA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Griscelli Syndrome type2:RAB27a
 
 
UNC13D/Munc13-4 deficiency(FHL3)
 
 
 
CD70 Deficiency
 
 
XL,XLP2,XIAP
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hermansky Pudlak Syndrome type2:AP3B1
 
 
Syntaxin 11 Deficiency(FHL4)
 
 
 
CTPS1 Deficiency
 
 
AR, CD27 Deficiency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hermansky Pudlak Syndrome type10
 
 
STXBP2/Munc18-2 Deficiency
 
 
 
RLTPR (CARMIL2) Deficiency
 
 
FAAP24 Deficiency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ITK Deficiency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MAGT1 Deficiency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PRKCD Deficiency
 
 
 
 
 
 


Syndromes with Autoimmunity and Others


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Diseases of Immune Dysregulation:
(B) Syndromes with Autoimmunity and Others
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Syndromes with Autoimmunity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Immune Dysregulation with Colitis:
IBD, Normal Tc & Bc
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Increased CD4-CD8-TCR alpha/beta (Double Negative T cells)
 
IL10 Deficiency, IL10, AR
 
IL10Ra Deficiency, IL10RA, AR
 
IL10Rb Deficiency, IL10RB, RA
 
NFATS haploinsufficiency, NAFTS, AD
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
 
Occassionally
 
 
 
 
 
 
NO: Regulatory T cells Defects?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ALPS, Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
 
 
LRBA Deficiency
 
NO
 
 
YES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ALPS-FAS TNFRSF, AD or AR
 
 
STAT3 GOF mutation,STAT3 AD
 
 
 
 
Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy with candidiasis & ectodermal dystrophy: APECED (APS-1)
 
 
 
IPEX Immune dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy,enteropathy,X-linked FOXP-3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ALPS-FASLG TNFSF6, AR
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ITCH Deficiency, ITCH, AR
 
 
 
CD25 Deficiency, IL2RA, AR
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ALPS-Caspase10, Casp10, AD
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ZAP70 combined hylomorphic and activation mutations, ZAP70, AR
 
 
 
CTLA4 deficiency (ALPSV) CTLA4, AD
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ALPS-Caspase8, Casp8, AR
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tripeptidyl-peptidase II deficiency, TPP2, AR
 
 
 
BACH2 deficiency. BACH2, AD
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FADD deficiency, FADD, AR
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
JAK1 GOF, JAK1, AD
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prolidase deficiency. PEPD, AR
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Chediak Higashi Syndrome

Griscelli Syndrome type 2

Hermansky Pudlak Syndrome type 2

  • Hermansky pudlak syndrome type 2 is caused by homozygous or compound heterogenous autosomal recessive mutation in the gene encoding the beta-3A subunit of AP3 complex (AP3B1) on chromosome 5q14.[7]
  • It is characterized by platelet defects, oculocutaneous albinism, immunodeficiency, congenital neutropenia and pulmonary fibrosis.[7]
  • Treatment includes chronic antibiotic therapy and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) because of netropenia and management of complications as they arise.[8]

Hermansky Pudlak Syndrome type 10

  • Hermansky pudlak syndrome type 10 is caused by an autosomal recessive mutation in AP3D1 gene on chromosome 19p13.[9]
  • It is characterized by immunodeficiency, oculocutaneous albinism and severe neurological impairment including severely delayed global development and intractable seizures.[9]
  • Treatment depends upon the manifestations of disease, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) used when immunodeficiency is present.[10]

Perforin Deficiency

  • Perforin is a glycoprotein responsible for pore formation in cell membranes of target cells. The main source of perforin are natural killer (NK) cells and CD8 positive T cells. A low amount of perforin is also expressed by CD4 positive T cells.[11]
  • Diseases associated with perforin deficiency/defect include: hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), leukemias, lymphomas, infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases.[12]
  • Treatment depends upon the presentation of disease.[13]

UNC13D/Munc13-4 Deficiency

  • Munc13-4 is a RAB27A effector that coordinates exocytosis in hematopoietic cells, its deficiency is associated with human immunodeficiency familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 3.[14]
  • It is characterized by the features of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) including; fever, hepatosplenomegaly and cytopenias.[15]
  • The only curative treatment is allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.[16]

Syntaxin 11 Deficiency

  • Syntaxin 11 deficiency is caused by homozygous mutation in the syntaxin 11 gene located on chromosome 6q24.[17]
  • Syntaxin 11 deficiency patients develop familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 4(FHL4), characterized by fever, splenomegaly, bicytopenia, low/absent natural killer (NK) cell activity and increased ferritin.[18]
  • The only treatment available is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.[19]

STXBP2/Munc18-2 Deficiency

  • STXBP2/Munc18-2 deficiency is caused by homozygous or compound heterogenous mutation in the syntaxin binding protein-2 gene (STXBP-2) on chromosome 19p13. [20]
  • STXBP2 deficiency causes familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 5(FHL5), characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, bicytopenia, increased triglycerides and ferritin with some atypical features including sensorineural hearing deficit, abnormal bleeding, or severe diarrhea.[21]
  • Treatment involves; immunosuppressive and modulatory agents, management of complications and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.[22]

RASGRP1 Deficiency

  • RASGRP1 is an important guanine nucleotide exchange factor and activator of RAS-MAPK pathway following T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling.[23]
  • RASGRP1 deficiency is caused by a mutation in RASGRP1 gene located on chromosome 15q14.[24]
  • RASGRP1 deficiency causes severe autoimmune manifestations, life threatening immune dysregulation and susceptibility to EBV induced B cell malignancies.[25]
  • Early diagnosis is important in management and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is considered curative.[26]

CD70 Deficiency

  • CD 70 gene is located on chromosome 19p13.3. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to TNF ligand family. This cytokine is a ligand for TNFRSF27/CD27.[27]
  • CD 70 is a surface antigen located on activated, but not resting, T and B lymphocytes. It induces proliferation of costimulated T cells, enhances generation of cytotoxic T cells and contributes to T cell activation.[28]
  • Its deficiency causes combined immunodeficiencies and EBV associated lymphoproliferation.[29]
  • The treatment includes; immunosuppressive drugs like rituximab and hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation.[30]

CTPS1 Deficiency

  • CTPS1 gene is located on chromosome 1p34.2. It encodes an enzyme responsible for catalytic conversion of UTP (uridine triphosphate) to CTP (cytidine triphosphate); which is an important step in the biosynthesis of phospholipids and nucleic acids.[31]
  • CTPS1 deficiency is caused by loss of function mutation in the gene, that causes life threatening immunodeficiency characterized by impaired capacity of activated B and T cells to proliferate in response to antigen receptor mediated activation.[32]
  • Treatment includes; management of compplications and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.[33]

RLTPR (CARMIL2) Deficiency

ITK Deficiency

MAGT1 Deficiency

PRKCD Deficiency

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References

  1. ↑ M. D. Barbosa, Q. A. Nguyen, V. T. Tchernev, J. A. Ashley, J. C. Detter, S. M. Blaydes, S. J. Brandt, D. Chotai, C. Hodgman, R. C. Solari, M. Lovett & S. F. Kingsmore (1996). "Identification of the homologous beige and Chediak-Higashi syndrome genes". Nature. 382 (6588): 262–265. doi:10.1038/382262a0. PMID 8717042. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Kaplan, Jerry; De Domenico, Ivana; Ward, Diane McVey (2008). "Chediak-Higashi syndrome". Current Opinion in Hematology. 15 (1): 22–29. doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282f2bcce. ISSN 1065-6251.
  3. ↑ M. Eapen, C. A. DeLaat, K. S. Baker, M. S. Cairo, M. J. Cowan, J. Kurtzberg, C. G. Steward, P. A. Veys & A. H. Filipovich (2007). "Hematopoietic cell transplantation for Chediak-Higashi syndrome". Bone marrow transplantation. 39 (7): 411–415. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1705600. PMID 17293882. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Kirtisudha Mishra, Shilpy Singla, Suvasini Sharma, Renu Saxena & Vineeta Vijay Batra (2014). "Griscelli syndrome type 2: a novel mutation in RAB27A gene with different clinical features in 2 siblings: a diagnostic conundrum". Korean journal of pediatrics. 57 (2): 91–95. doi:10.3345/kjp.2014.57.2.91. PMID 24678334. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ I. P. Meschede, T. O. Santos, T. C. Izidoro-Toledo, J. Gurgel-Gianetti & E. M. Espreafico (2008). "Griscelli syndrome-type 2 in twin siblings: case report and update on RAB27A human mutations and gene structure". Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas. 41 (10): 839–848. PMID 19030707. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Amira Masri, Faris G. Bakri, Maissa Al-Hussaini, Azmy Al-Hadidy, Rania Hirzallah, Genevieve de Saint Basile & Hanan Hamamy (2008). "Griscelli syndrome type 2: a rare and lethal disorder". Journal of child neurology. 23 (8): 964–967. doi:10.1177/0883073808315409. PMID 18403584. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Jung, J. (2006). "Identification of a homozygous deletion in the AP3B1 gene causing Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, type 2". Blood. 108 (1): 362–369. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-11-4377. ISSN 0006-4971.
  8. ↑ Hengst, Meike; Naehrlich, Lutz; Mahavadi, Poornima; Grosse-Onnebrink, Joerg; Terheggen-Lagro, Suzanne; Skanke, Lars Høsøien; Schuch, Luise A.; Brasch, Frank; Guenther, Andreas; Reu, Simone; Ley-Zaporozhan, Julia; Griese, Matthias (2018). "Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 2 manifests with fibrosing lung disease early in childhood". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 13 (1). doi:10.1186/s13023-018-0780-z. ISSN 1750-1172.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ammann, S.; Schulz, A.; Krageloh-Mann, I.; Dieckmann, N. M. G.; Niethammer, K.; Fuchs, S.; Eckl, K. M.; Plank, R.; Werner, R.; Altmuller, J.; Thiele, H.; Nurnberg, P.; Bank, J.; Strauss, A.; von Bernuth, H.; zur Stadt, U.; Grieve, S.; Griffiths, G. M.; Lehmberg, K.; Hennies, H. C.; Ehl, S. (2016). "Mutations in AP3D1 associated with immunodeficiency and seizures define a new type of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome". Blood. 127 (8): 997–1006. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-09-671636. ISSN 0006-4971.
  10. ↑ . doi:10.1111/pde.13266. Epub 2017 Oct 16. Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ Iwona Osinska, Katarzyna Popko & Urszula Demkow (2014). "Perforin: an important player in immune response". Central-European journal of immunology. 39 (1): 109–115. doi:10.5114/ceji.2014.42135. PMID 26155110.
  12. ↑ Iwona Osinska, Katarzyna Popko & Urszula Demkow (2014). "Perforin: an important player in immune response". Central-European journal of immunology. 39 (1): 109–115. doi:10.5114/ceji.2014.42135. PMID 26155110.
  13. ↑ Iwona Osinska, Katarzyna Popko & Urszula Demkow (2014). "Perforin: an important player in immune response". Central-European journal of immunology. 39 (1): 109–115. doi:10.5114/ceji.2014.42135. PMID 26155110.
  14. ↑ Jlenia Monfregola, Jennifer Linda Johnson, Michael M. Meijler, Gennaro Napolitano & Sergio Daniel Catz (2012). "MUNC13-4 protein regulates the oxidative response and is essential for phagosomal maturation and bacterial killing in neutrophils". The Journal of biological chemistry. 287 (53): 44603–44618. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.414029. PMID 23115246. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ A. Santoro, S. Cannella, G. Bossi, F. Gallo, A. Trizzino, D. Pende, F. Dieli, G. Bruno, J. C. Stinchcombe, C. Micalizzi, C. De Fusco, C. Danesino, L. Moretta, L. D. Notarangelo, G. M. Griffiths & M. Arico (2006). "Novel Munc13-4 mutations in children and young adult patients with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis". Journal of medical genetics. 43 (12): 953–960. doi:10.1136/jmg.2006.041863. PMID 16825436. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Tayebeh Soheili, Amandine Durand, Fernando E. Sepulveda, Julie Riviere, Chantal Lagresle-Peyrou, Hanem Sadek, Genevieve de Saint Basile, Samia Martin, Fulvio Mavilio, Marina Cavazzana & Isabelle Andre-Schmutz (2017). "Gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells reduces HLH manifestations in a murine model of Munc13-4 deficiency". Blood advances. 1 (27): 2781–2789. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2017012088. PMID 29296930. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Valentina Cetica, Daniela Pende, Gillian M. Griffiths & Maurizio Arico (2010). "Molecular basis of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis". Haematologica. 95 (4): 538–541. doi:10.3324/haematol.2009.019562. PMID 20378576. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Tamara Kogl, Jurgen Muller, Birthe Jessen, Annette Schmitt-Graeff, Gritta Janka, Stephan Ehl, Udo zur Stadt & Peter Aichele (2013). "Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in syntaxin-11-deficient mice: T-cell exhaustion limits fatal disease". Blood. 121 (4): 604–613. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-07-441139. PMID 23190531. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Martha-Lena Muller, Samuel C. C. Chiang, Marie Meeths, Bianca Tesi, Miriam Entesarian, Daniel Nilsson, Stephanie M. Wood, Magnus Nordenskjold, Jan-Inge Henter, Ahmed Naqvi & Yenan T. Bryceson (2014). "An N-Terminal Missense Mutation in STX11 Causative of FHL4 Abrogates Syntaxin-11 Binding to Munc18-2". Frontiers in immunology. 4: 515. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00515. PMID 24459464. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Udo zur Stadt, Jan Rohr, Wenke Seifert, Florian Koch, Samantha Grieve, Julia Pagel, Julia Strauss, Brigitte Kasper, Gudrun Nurnberg, Christian Becker, Andrea Maul-Pavicic, Karin Beutel, Gritta Janka, Gillian Griffiths, Stephan Ehl & Hans Christian Hennies (2009). "Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 5 (FHL-5) is caused by mutations in Munc18-2 and impaired binding to syntaxin 11". American journal of human genetics. 85 (4): 482–492. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.09.005. PMID 19804848. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ Julia Pagel, Karin Beutel, Kai Lehmberg, Florian Koch, Andrea Maul-Pavicic, Anna-Katharina Rohlfs, Abdullah Al-Jefri, Rita Beier, Lilian Bomme Ousager, Karoline Ehlert, Ute Gross-Wieltsch, Norbert Jorch, Bernhard Kremens, Arnulf Pekrun, Monika Sparber-Sauer, Ester Mejstrikova, Angela Wawer, Stephan Ehl, Udo zur Stadt & Gritta Janka (2012). "Distinct mutations in STXBP2 are associated with variable clinical presentations in patients with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 5 (FHL5)". Blood. 119 (25): 6016–6024. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-12-398958. PMID 22451424. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. ↑ Melissa R. George (2014). "Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: review of etiologies and management". Journal of blood medicine. 5: 69–86. doi:10.2147/JBM.S46255. PMID 24966707.
  23. ↑ Elisabeth Salzer, Deniz Cagdas, Miroslav Hons, Emily M. Mace, Wojciech Garncarz, Ozlem Yuce Petronczki, Rene Platzer, Laurene Pfajfer, Ivan Bilic, Sol A. Ban, Katharina L. Willmann, Malini Mukherjee, Verena Supper, Hsiang Ting Hsu, Pinaki P. Banerjee, Papiya Sinha, Fabienne McClanahan, Gerhard J. Zlabinger, Winfried F. Pickl, John G. Gribben, Hannes Stockinger, Keiryn L. Bennett, Johannes B. Huppa, Loic Dupre, Ozden Sanal, Ulrich Jager, Michael Sixt, Ilhan Tezcan, Jordan S. Orange & Kaan Boztug (2016). "RASGRP1 deficiency causes immunodeficiency with impaired cytoskeletal dynamics". Nature immunology. 17 (12): 1352–1360. doi:10.1038/ni.3575. PMID 27776107. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ Elisabeth Salzer, Deniz Cagdas, Miroslav Hons, Emily M. Mace, Wojciech Garncarz, Ozlem Yuce Petronczki, Rene Platzer, Laurene Pfajfer, Ivan Bilic, Sol A. Ban, Katharina L. Willmann, Malini Mukherjee, Verena Supper, Hsiang Ting Hsu, Pinaki P. Banerjee, Papiya Sinha, Fabienne McClanahan, Gerhard J. Zlabinger, Winfried F. Pickl, John G. Gribben, Hannes Stockinger, Keiryn L. Bennett, Johannes B. Huppa, Loic Dupre, Ozden Sanal, Ulrich Jager, Michael Sixt, Ilhan Tezcan, Jordan S. Orange & Kaan Boztug (2016). "RASGRP1 deficiency causes immunodeficiency with impaired cytoskeletal dynamics". Nature immunology. 17 (12): 1352–1360. doi:10.1038/ni.3575. PMID 27776107. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ Ido Somekh, Benjamin Marquardt, Yanshan Liu, Meino Rohlfs, Sebastian Hollizeck, Musa Karakukcu, Ekrem Unal, Ebru Yilmaz, Turkan Patiroglu, Murat Cansever, Shirly Frizinsky, Vicktoria Vishnvenska-Dai, Erez Rechavi, Tali Stauber, Amos J. Simon, Atar Lev, Christoph Klein, Daniel Kotlarz & Raz Somech (2018). "Novel Mutations in RASGRP1 are Associated with Immunodeficiency, Immune Dysregulation, and EBV-Induced Lymphoma". Journal of clinical immunology. 38 (6): 699–710. doi:10.1007/s10875-018-0533-8. PMID 30030704. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ Ido Somekh, Benjamin Marquardt, Yanshan Liu, Meino Rohlfs, Sebastian Hollizeck, Musa Karakukcu, Ekrem Unal, Ebru Yilmaz, Turkan Patiroglu, Murat Cansever, Shirly Frizinsky, Vicktoria Vishnvenska-Dai, Erez Rechavi, Tali Stauber, Amos J. Simon, Atar Lev, Christoph Klein, Daniel Kotlarz & Raz Somech (2018). "Novel Mutations in RASGRP1 are Associated with Immunodeficiency, Immune Dysregulation, and EBV-Induced Lymphoma". Journal of clinical immunology. 38 (6): 699–710. doi:10.1007/s10875-018-0533-8. PMID 30030704. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ Linn Fagerberg, Bjorn M. Hallstrom, Per Oksvold, Caroline Kampf, Dijana Djureinovic, Jacob Odeberg, Masato Habuka, Simin Tahmasebpoor, Angelika Danielsson, Karolina Edlund, Anna Asplund, Evelina Sjostedt, Emma Lundberg, Cristina Al-Khalili Szigyarto, Marie Skogs, Jenny Ottosson Takanen, Holger Berling, Hanna Tegel, Jan Mulder, Peter Nilsson, Jochen M. Schwenk, Cecilia Lindskog, Frida Danielsson, Adil Mardinoglu, Asa Sivertsson, Kalle von Feilitzen, Mattias Forsberg, Martin Zwahlen, IngMarie Olsson, Sanjay Navani, Mikael Huss, Jens Nielsen, Fredrik Ponten & Mathias Uhlen (2014). "Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics". Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP. 13 (2): 397–406. doi:10.1074/mcp.M113.035600. PMID 24309898. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ Linn Fagerberg, Bjorn M. Hallstrom, Per Oksvold, Caroline Kampf, Dijana Djureinovic, Jacob Odeberg, Masato Habuka, Simin Tahmasebpoor, Angelika Danielsson, Karolina Edlund, Anna Asplund, Evelina Sjostedt, Emma Lundberg, Cristina Al-Khalili Szigyarto, Marie Skogs, Jenny Ottosson Takanen, Holger Berling, Hanna Tegel, Jan Mulder, Peter Nilsson, Jochen M. Schwenk, Cecilia Lindskog, Frida Danielsson, Adil Mardinoglu, Asa Sivertsson, Kalle von Feilitzen, Mattias Forsberg, Martin Zwahlen, IngMarie Olsson, Sanjay Navani, Mikael Huss, Jens Nielsen, Fredrik Ponten & Mathias Uhlen (2014). "Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics". Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP. 13 (2): 397–406. doi:10.1074/mcp.M113.035600. PMID 24309898. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ Hassan Abolhassani, Emily S. J. Edwards, Aydan Ikinciogullari, Huie Jing, Stephan Borte, Marcus Buggert, Likun Du, Mami Matsuda-Lennikov, Rosa Romano, Rozina Caridha, Sangeeta Bade, Yu Zhang, Juliet Frederiksen, Mingyan Fang, Sevgi Kostel Bal, Sule Haskologlu, Figen Dogu, Nurdan Tacyildiz, Helen F. Matthews, Joshua J. McElwee, Emma Gostick, David A. Price, Umaimainthan Palendira, Asghar Aghamohammadi, Bertrand Boisson, Nima Rezaei, Annika C. Karlsson, Michael J. Lenardo, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Lennart Hammarstrom, Stuart G. Tangye, Helen C. Su & Qiang Pan-Hammarstrom (2017). "Combined immunodeficiency and Epstein-Barr virus-induced B cell malignancy in humans with inherited CD70 deficiency". The Journal of experimental medicine. 214 (1): 91–106. doi:10.1084/jem.20160849. PMID 28011864. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Roberta Caorsi, Marta Rusmini, Stefano Volpi, Sabrina Chiesa, Claudia Pastorino, Angela Rita Sementa, Paolo Uva, Alice Grossi, Edoardo Lanino, Maura Faraci, Francesca Minoia, Sara Signa, Paolo Picco, Alberto Martini, Isabella Ceccherini & Marco Gattorno (2017). "CD70 Deficiency due to a Novel Mutation in a Patient with Severe Chronic EBV Infection Presenting As a Periodic Fever". Frontiers in immunology. 8: 2015. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.02015. PMID 29434583.
  31. ↑ Linn Fagerberg, Bjorn M. Hallstrom, Per Oksvold, Caroline Kampf, Dijana Djureinovic, Jacob Odeberg, Masato Habuka, Simin Tahmasebpoor, Angelika Danielsson, Karolina Edlund, Anna Asplund, Evelina Sjostedt, Emma Lundberg, Cristina Al-Khalili Szigyarto, Marie Skogs, Jenny Ottosson Takanen, Holger Berling, Hanna Tegel, Jan Mulder, Peter Nilsson, Jochen M. Schwenk, Cecilia Lindskog, Frida Danielsson, Adil Mardinoglu, Asa Sivertsson, Kalle von Feilitzen, Mattias Forsberg, Martin Zwahlen, IngMarie Olsson, Sanjay Navani, Mikael Huss, Jens Nielsen, Fredrik Ponten & Mathias Uhlen (2014). "Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics". Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP. 13 (2): 397–406. doi:10.1074/mcp.M113.035600. PMID 24309898. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ Martin, Emmanuel; Palmic, Noé; Sanquer, Sylvia; Lenoir, Christelle; Hauck, Fabian; Mongellaz, Cédric; Fabrega, Sylvie; Nitschké, Patrick; Esposti, Mauro Degli; Schwartzentruber, Jeremy; Taylor, Naomi; Majewski, Jacek; Jabado, Nada; Wynn, Robert F.; Picard, Capucine; Fischer, Alain; Arkwright, Peter D.; Latour, Sylvain (2014). "CTP synthase 1 deficiency in humans reveals its central role in lymphocyte proliferation". Nature. 510 (7504): 288–292. doi:10.1038/nature13386. ISSN 0028-0836.
  33. ↑ Robert F. Wynn, Peter D. Arkwright, Tanzina Haque, Maged I. Gharib, Gwen Wilkie, Marie Morton-Jones & Dorothy H. Crawford (2005). "Treatment of Epstein-Barr-virus-associated primary CNS B cell lymphoma with allogeneic T-cell immunotherapy and stem-cell transplantation". The Lancet. Oncology. 6 (5): 344–346. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70171-6. PMID 15863383. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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