View source for Differentiating (disease name) from other diseases page

'''To go back to the main page, click [[Microchapter templates|here]]'''

{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{CP}}

==Introduction to the Differentiating (Disease Name) From Other Diseases Page==
* This chapter covers the process that is traditionally known as "differential diagnosis".
* The page name should be '''"Differentiating (disease name) from other diseases"''', with only the first letter of the title capitalized.
* '''Goal:''' To provide information on a systematic method of differentiating a given disease from other diseases that may present similarly.
* For an example of a microchapter on differentiating disease, click [[Differentiating confusion from other symptoms|here]].
*Search the disease database (http://diseasesdatabase.com/content.asp) to assure the content for this page is complete.
* As with all microchapter pages linking to the main page, at the top of the edit box put <nowiki>{{CMG}}</nowiki>, your name template, and the microchapter navigation template you created at the beginning.
* Remember to create links within Wikidoc by placing <nowiki>[[square brackets]]</nowiki> around key words which you want to link to other pages. Make sure you make your links as specific as possible. For example if a sentence contained the phrase anterior spinal artery syndrome, the link should be to [[anterior spinal artery syndrome]] not [[anterior]] or [[artery]] or [[syndrome]].  For more information on how to create links click [[Help:Links|here]].
* Remember to follow the same format and capitalization of letters  as outlined in the template below.
*You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence of every subsection.

==Overview==
* The overview section should include the disease name in the first sentence.
* The goal is to summarize the page several sentences, usually stating the categories that the disease is classified by.
*This section can be the same as the differentiating disease section in the overview page.
===Template===
*'''First Sentence:'''

:[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
:OR
:[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
:OR
:[Disease name] must be differentiated from other causes of [symptom/sign], such as  [Differential 1], [Differential 2], and [Differential 3].
*'''Examples:'''
:Example 1: Hepatitis C must be differentiated from other diseases that cause hepatic injury and abnormal [[liver function test]]s, such as other viral hepatitides ([[Hepatitis A]], [[Hepatitis B]], and [[Hepatitis E]]), [[alcoholic liver disease]], [[non-alcoholic steatohepatitis]], [[drug-induced liver injury]], [[autoimmune hepatitis]], and [[hepatocellular carcinoma]].
:Example 2: Colorectal cancer must be differentiated from other diseases that cause unexplained weight loss, unexplained [[loss of appetite]], [[abdominal discomfort]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], [[anemia]], and [[fatigue]], such as [[irritable bowel syndrome]] (IBS), [[inflammatory bowel disease]] (IBD), [[hemorrhoids]], [[anal fissures]], and [[diverticular disease]].
:Example 3: Colorectal cancer must be differentiated from Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and diverticular disease.
:Example 4: Pericarditis must be differentiated from other causes of chest pain, such as [[myocardial infarction]], [[aortic dissection]], and [[pulmonary embolism]].

==Preferred Template Statements==
*[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
*[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

IF the disease has multiple subtypes and the subtypes do not have the same differential diagnoses:
*As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].

==Differentiating (Disease name) from other Diseases==
*In this section you will outline the conditions or diseases that may often be confused with the disease you are describing.
*You can list the diseases, include major clinical features of each differential diagnosis including major symptoms, physical exam findings, and provide a brief description of how each disease is different from the one you are describing, as seen [[Differentiating confusion from other symptoms#Differentiating Confusion from other Symptoms|here]]. 
* You can differentiate physical examination characteristics from those of similar diseases. 
* You can also provide guidance on the distinguishing characteristics of the physical exam findings, the laboratory findings, and other diagnostic modalities.
* A table may be helpful.  It should be preceded by the following sentence:

The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate ______ dz from other conditions that may cause ____ (major symptoms) and _____  (major signs):
* If you want to have some abbreviations, you should describe them before starting the table. You can find an example [[TAVR Critical pathway#Critical pathway|here]]. 

* The use of the following symbols may be helpful within a table:
** '''↑ and''' ↓ ,to signify elevations and reductions in quantitative findings.
** + , ++, or +++ to signify varying levels of quantitative findings, '''-''' if there is a null value, and Nl if the desired value is within normal limits.
* The following table may be used as a general template for differentiating diseases from one another:
{|
! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Category
! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Etiology
! colspan="8" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Clinical manifestation
! colspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Paraclinical findings
! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard diagnosis
! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Demography
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab findings
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Finding 1
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Finding 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Finding 3
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Finding 1
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Finding 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Finding 1
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Finding 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histopathology
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hematology
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Differential Diagnosis 1
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Mutation
* Microorganism
* Unknown
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Any age, more common in males
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Smoking
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Differential Diagnosis 2
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Cardiology
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Differential Diagnosis 3
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Differential Diagnosis 4
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Infection
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Differential Diagnosis 5
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Differential Diagnosis 6
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
|}
* This table must include the cardinal manifestations of differential diagnosis and the list of diseases must be prioritize based on mortality rate and  prevalences of the diseases. For example, if you want to write a differential diagnosis table for heat stroke, sepsis, malignant hyperthermia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and serotonin syndrome first, you need to mention the cardinal manifestations for these conditions as, hyperthermia and altered mental status. Second, prioritize your list based on disease mortality or prevalence then, create the table. You can find the example [[Heat stroke differential diagnosis#Differentiating Heat stroke from other Diseases that may cause hyperthermia and altered mental status|here]].

{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 1000px" align="center"
| valign="top" |
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Differential Diagnosis}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 300px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Similar Features}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 300px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Differentiating Features}}
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;" |Differential 1
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] also observed in [disease name].
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] that distinguish it from [disease name].
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;" |Differential 2
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] also observed in [disease name].
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] that distinguish it from [disease name].
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;" |Differential 3
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] also observed in [disease name].
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] that distinguish it from [disease name].
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;" |Differential 4
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] also observed in [disease name].
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] that distinguish it from [disease name].
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;" |Differential 5
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] also observed in [disease name].
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* On [physical exam; history; diagnostic test; imaging], [Differential 1] {has; demonstrates} [feature 1], [feature 2], [feature 3] that distinguish it from [disease name].
|}

=== Examples: ===
The following tables may be used as examples of different table styles for differentiating disease:

==== Example 1 ====
The table below summarizes the different findings between Pericarditis and Myocardial infarction:
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Characteristic/Parameter
! scope="col" | '''Pericarditis'''
! scope="col" | '''Myocardial infarction'''
|-
! scope="row" | Pain description
| Sharp, [[pleuritic]], retro-sternal (under the sternum) or left precordial (left chest) pain.
| Crushing, pressure-like, heavy pain. Described as "elephant on the chest".
|-
! scope="row" | Radiation
| Pain radiates to the trapezius ridge (to the lowest portion of the [[scapula]] on the back) or no radiation.
| Pain radiates to the [[jaw]], or the left or arm, or does not radiate.
|-
! scope="row" | Exertion
| Does not change the pain
| Can increase the pain
|-
! scope="row" | Position
| Pain is worse [[supine]] or upon [[inspiration]] (breathing in)
| Not positional
|-
! scope="row" | Onset/duration
| Sudden pain, that lasts for hours or sometimes days before a patient comes to the ER
| Sudden or chronically worsening pain that can come and go in [[paroxysm]]s or it can last for hours before the patient decides to come to the ER
|}

==== Example 2 ====
The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate [[Shigellosis]] from other conditions that cause [[fever]] and [[hemorrhage]]:

{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 120px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Disease}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 550px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Findings}}
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[EHEC]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | May present with [[fever]], [[chills]] [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], generalized [[pain]] or [[malaise]], and gastointestinal bleeding that follow an [[incubation period]] of 3-7 days. Unlike ''E. coli'', ''Shigella'' cannot ferment lactose or decarboxylate lysine.<ref name="NCBI">{{cite journal |last= Hale|first=TL |last2=Keusch|first2=GT |date=1996 |title=Shigella. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition.  |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8038/ |journal=Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Ebola]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Presents with [[fever]], [[chills]] [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], generalized [[pain]] or [[malaise]], and sometimes [[Internal bleeding|internal]] and external [[bleeding]], that follow an [[incubation period]] of 2-21 days.
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Typhoid fever]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Presents with [[fever]], [[headache]], [[rash]], gastrointestinal symptoms, with [[lymphadenopathy]], relative [[bradycardia]], [[cough]] and [[leucopenia]] and sometimes [[sore throat]]. [[Blood]] and [[stool culture]] can confirm the presence of the causative bacteria.
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Malaria]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Presents with acute [[fever]], [[headache]] and sometimes [[diarrhea]] (children). A [[blood smear]]s must be examined for malaria parasites. The presence of [[parasites]] does not exclude a concurrent viral infection. An [[antimalarial]] should be prescribed as an [[empiric therapy]].
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Lassa fever]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Disease onset is usually gradual, with [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[cough]], [[pharyngitis]], and [[facial edema]] in the later stages. [[Inflammation]] and exudation of the [[pharynx]] and [[conjunctiva]] are common.
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Yellow fever]] and other [[Flaviviridae]] '''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Present with [[hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] complications. [[Epidemiological]] investigation may reveal a pattern of disease [[transmission]] by an insect vector. Virus isolation and serological investigation serves to distinguish these [[viruses]]. Confirmed history of previous [[yellow fever]] [[vaccination]] will rule out [[yellow fever]].
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Others'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Viral hepatitis]], [[leptospirosis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[typhus]], and [[mononucleosis]] can produce [[signs]] and [[symptoms]] that may be confused with [[Ebola]] in the early stages of [[infection]].
|-
|}

==== '''Example 3''' ====
Stroke, must be differentiated from other diseases that may cause, altered mental status, motor and or somatosensory deficits. The table below, summarizes the differential diagnosis for stroke:
{|
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
! colspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
! colspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical Examination
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnostic tests
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other Findings
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Headache
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |↓ LOC
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Motor weakness
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abnormal sensory
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Motor Deficit
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Sensory deficit
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Speech difficulty
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gait abnormality
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Cranial nerves
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT/MRI
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CSF 
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard test
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | [[Brain tumor]]<ref name="pmid10582668">{{cite journal| author=Morgenstern LB, Frankowski RF| title=Brain tumor masquerading as stroke. | journal=J Neurooncol | year= 1999 | volume= 44 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-52 | pmid=10582668 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10582668  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21371327">{{cite journal| author=Weston CL, Glantz MJ, Connor JR| title=Detection of cancer cells in the cerebrospinal fluid: current methods and future directions. | journal=Fluids Barriers CNS | year= 2011 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 14 | pmid=21371327 | doi=10.1186/2045-8118-8-14 | pmc=3059292 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21371327  }}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Weight loss]]
* [[Fatigue]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Cancer cells
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | MRI 
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Cachexia]]
* Gradual progression of symptoms
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemorrhagic stroke]]<ref name="pmid21694755">{{cite journal| author=Birenbaum D, Bancroft LW, Felsberg GJ| title=Imaging in acute stroke. | journal=West J Emerg Med | year= 2011 | volume= 12 | issue= 1 | pages= 67-76 | pmid=21694755 | doi= | pmc=3088377 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21694755  }}</ref><ref name="pmid21807345">{{cite journal| author=DeLaPaz RL, Wippold FJ, Cornelius RS, Amin-Hanjani S, Angtuaco EJ, Broderick DF et al.| title=ACR Appropriateness Criteria® on cerebrovascular disease. | journal=J Am Coll Radiol | year= 2011 | volume= 8 | issue= 8 | pages= 532-8 | pmid=21807345 | doi=10.1016/j.jacr.2011.05.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21807345  }}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Hypertension]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | CT scan without contrast
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Neck stiffness]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | [[Subdural hematoma|Subdural hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid21694755" /><ref name="pmid21807345" /><ref name="pmid1198628">{{cite journal| author=Lee MC, Heaney LM, Jacobson RL, Klassen AC| title=Cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral hemorrhage and infarction. | journal=Stroke | year= 1975 | volume= 6 | issue= 6 | pages= 638-41 | pmid=1198628 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1198628  }}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Trauma]]
* Fall
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Xanthochromia]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | CT scan without contrast
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Confusion]]
* [[Dizziness]]
* [[Nausea and vomiting]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Neurosyphilis]]<ref name="pmid22482824">{{cite journal| author=Liu LL, Zheng WH, Tong ML, Liu GL, Zhang HL, Fu ZG et al.| title=Ischemic stroke as a primary symptom of neurosyphilis among HIV-negative emergency patients. | journal=J Neurol Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 317 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 35-9 | pmid=22482824 | doi=10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22482824  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24365430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Berger JR, Dean D |title=Neurosyphilis |journal=Handb Clin Neurol |volume=121 |issue= |pages=1461–72 |year=2014 |pmid=24365430 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00098-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22421697">{{cite journal| author=Ho EL, Marra CM| title=Treponemal tests for neurosyphilis--less accurate than what we thought? | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 39 | issue= 4 | pages= 298-9 | pmid=22421697 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31824ee574 | pmc=3746559 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22421697  }}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Sexually transmitted disease]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑ [[Leukocytes]] and [[protein]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Specific: CSF [[VDRL]]
Sensitive: CSF FTA-Ab
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Blindness]]
* [[Confusion]]
* [[Depression]]
* Abnormal [[gait]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Complex or atypical [[migraine]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* Family history of [[migraine]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Clinical assesment
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* Presence of [[aura]]
* [[Nausea and vomiting]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypertensive encephalopathy]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Hypertension]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |  +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Clinical assesment
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Delirium]]
* Cortical [[blindness]]
* [[Cerebral edema]]
* [[Seizure]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Wernicke's encephalopathy|Wernicke’s encephalopathy]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* History of alcohal abuse
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Clinical assesment and lab findings
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Ophthalmoplegia]]
* [[Confusion]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Brain abscess|CNS abscess]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* History of [[drug abuse]], [[endocarditis]], [[immunosupression]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑ leukocytes, ↓ glucose and ↑ protien 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | MRI is more sensitive and specific
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* High grade [[fever]]
* [[fatigue]]
* Nausea and vomiting
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Drug toxicity]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Medication history of 
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Sedatives]]
* [[Phenytoin]]
* [[Carbamazepine]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Drug screen test
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Conversion disorder]] 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* History of [[emotional stress]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Diagnosis of exclusion
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Tremor]]
* [[Blindness]]
* Difficulty [[swallowing]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Metabolic disturbances ([[electrolyte imbalance]], [[hypoglycemia]]) 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Hypoglycemia]], [[hyponatremia]], [[hypernatremia]], [[hypokalemia]], and [[hyperkalemia]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Depends on the cause
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Confusion]]
* [[Seizure]]
* [[Palpitation]]
* [[Sweating]]
* [[Dizziness]]
* [[Hypoglycemia]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Meningitis]] or [[encephalitis]]<ref name="pmid19398286">{{cite journal| author=Carbonnelle E| title=[Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis: usefulness of various tests for the determination of the etiological agent]. | journal=Med Mal Infect | year= 2009 | volume= 39 | issue= 7-8 | pages= 581-605 | pmid=19398286 | doi=10.1016/j.medmal.2009.02.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19398286  }}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* History of [[fever]] and [[malaise]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑ Leukocytes, ↑ protein, ↓ glucose
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[CSF analysis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Fever]]
* Neck rigidity
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Multiple sclerosis]] exacerbation<ref name="pmid8274111">{{cite journal| author=Giang DW, Grow VM, Mooney C, Mushlin AI, Goodman AD, Mattson DH et al.| title=Clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The impact of magnetic resonance imaging and ancillary testing. Rochester-Toronto Magnetic Resonance Study Group. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1994 | volume= 51 | issue= 1 | pages= 61-6 | pmid=8274111 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8274111  }}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* History of relapses and remissions
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑ CSF IgG levels, (monoclonal bands)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Clinical assesment and [[MRI]] 
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* Blurry [[vision]]
* [[Urinary incontinence]]
* [[Fatigue]]
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Seizure]]<ref name="pmid11385043">{{cite journal| author=Manford M| title=Assessment and investigation of possible epileptic seizures. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2001 | volume= 70 Suppl 2 | issue=  | pages= II3-8 | pmid=11385043 | doi= | pmc=1765557 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11385043  }}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* Previous history of [[seizures]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | –
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Mass lesion
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Clinical assesment and [[EEG]] 
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | 
* [[Confusion]]
* [[Apathy]]
* [[Irritability]]
|}

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