Dapagliflozin
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Deepika Beereddy, MBBS [2]
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Black Box Warning
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See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
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Overview
Dapagliflozin is a {{{drugClass}}} that is FDA approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include female genital mycotic infections, nasopharyngitis, and urinary tract infections.
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- FARXIGA (dapagliflozin) is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Limitation of Use
- FARXIGA is not recommended for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus or for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.
- Dosing Information
- 2.1 Recommended Dosing
The recommended starting dose of FARXIGA is 5 mg once daily, taken in the morning, with or without food. In patients tolerating FARXIGA 5 mg once daily who require additional glycemic control, the dose can be increased to 10 mg once daily.
In patients with volume depletion, correcting this condition prior to initiation of FARXIGA is recommended [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1), Use in Specific Populations (8.5, 8.6), and Patient Counseling Information (17)].
2.2 Patients with Renal Impairment
Assessment of renal function is recommended prior to initiation of FARXIGA therapy and periodically thereafter.
FARXIGA should not be initiated in patients with an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
No dose adjustment is needed in patients with mild renal impairment (eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or greater).
FARXIGA should be discontinued when eGFR is persistently less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].
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- Dosing Information
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Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Guideline-Supported Use
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- Developed by:
- Class of Recommendation:
- Strength of Evidence:
- Dosing Information
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There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Dapagliflozin in adult patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
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- Dosing Information
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There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Dapagliflozin in adult patients.
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
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- Dosing Information
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There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Dapagliflozin in pediatric patients.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)
Guideline-Supported Use
Condition1
- Developed by:
- Class of Recommendation:
- Strength of Evidence:
- Dosing Information
- Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Dapagliflozin in pediatric patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
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- Dosing Information
- Dosage
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There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Dapagliflozin in pediatric patients.
Contraindications
History of a serious hypersensitivity reaction to FARXIGA [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
Severe renal impairment, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), or patients on dialysis [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].
Warnings
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5.1 Hypotension
FARXIGA causes intravascular volume contraction. Symptomatic hypotension can occur after initiating FARXIGA [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] particularly in patients with impaired renal function (eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), elderly patients, or patients on loop diuretics. Before initiating FARXIGA in patients with one or more of these characteristics, volume status should be assessed and corrected. Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypotension after initiating therapy.
5.2 Impairment in Renal Function
FARXIGA increases serum creatinine and decreases eGFR. Elderly patients and patients with impaired renal function may be more susceptible to these changes. Adverse reactions related to renal function can occur after initiating FARXIGA [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Renal function should be evaluated prior to initiation of FARXIGA and monitored periodically thereafter.
5.3 Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin and Insulin Secretagogues
Insulin and insulin secretagogues are known to cause hypoglycemia. FARXIGA can increase the risk of hypoglycemia when combined with insulin or an insulin secretagogue [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Therefore, a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue may be required to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia when these agents are used in combination with FARXIGA.
5.4 Genital Mycotic Infections
FARXIGA increases the risk of genital mycotic infections. Patients with a history of genital mycotic infections were more likely to develop genital mycotic infections [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Monitor and treat appropriately.
5.5 Increases in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C)
Increases in LDL‑C occur with FARXIGA [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Monitor LDL‑C and treat per standard of care after initiating FARXIGA.
5.6 Bladder Cancer
Across 22 clinical studies, newly diagnosed cases of bladder cancer were reported in 10/6045 patients (0.17%) treated with FARXIGA and 1/3512 patient (0.03%) treated with placebo/comparator. After excluding patients in whom exposure to study drug was less than one year at the time of diagnosis of bladder cancer, there were 4 cases with FARXIGA and no cases with placebo/comparator. Bladder cancer risk factors and hematuria (a potential indicator of pre-existing tumors) were balanced between treatment arms at baseline. There were too few cases to determine whether the emergence of these events is related to FARXIGA.
There are insufficient data to determine whether FARXIGA has an effect on pre-existing bladder tumors. Consequently, FARXIGA should not be used in patients with active bladder cancer. In patients with prior history of bladder cancer, the benefits of glycemic control versus unknown risks for cancer recurrence with FARXIGA should be considered.
5.7 Macrovascular Outcomes
There have been no clinical studies establishing conclusive evidence of macrovascular risk reduction with FARXIGA or any other antidiabetic drug.
Precautions
- Description
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
The following important adverse reactions are described below and elsewhere in the labeling:
Hypotension [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] Impairment in Renal Function [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin and Insulin Secretagogues [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] Genital Mycotic Infections [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] Increases in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL‑C) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)] Bladder Cancer [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
Pool of 12 Placebo-Controlled Studies for FARXIGA 5 and 10 mg
The data in Table 1 is derived from 12 placebo-controlled studies ranging from 12 to 24 weeks. In 4 studies FARXIGA was used as monotherapy, and in 8 studies FARXIGA was used as add-on to background antidiabetic therapy or as combination therapy with metformin [see Clinical Studies (14)].
These data reflect exposure of 2338 patients to FARXIGA with a mean exposure duration of 21 weeks. Patients received placebo (N=1393), FARXIGA 5 mg (N=1145), or FARXIGA 10 mg (N=1193) once daily. The mean age of the population was 55 years and 2% were older than 75 years of age. Fifty percent (50%) of the population were male; 81% were White, 14% were Asian, and 3% were Black or African American. At baseline, the population had diabetes for an average of 6 years, had a mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 8.3%, and 21% had established microvascular complications of diabetes. Baseline renal function was normal or mildly impaired in 92% of patients and moderately impaired in 8% of patients (mean eGFR 86 mL/min/1.73 m2).
Table 1 shows common adverse reactions associated with the use of FARXIGA. These adverse reactions were not present at baseline, occurred more commonly on FARXIGA than on placebo, and occurred in at least 2% of patients treated with either FARXIGA 5 mg or FARXIGA 10 mg.
Pool of 13 Placebo-Controlled Studies for FARXIGA 10 mg
The safety and tolerability of FARXIGA 10 mg was also evaluated in a larger placebo-controlled study pool. This pool combined 13 placebo-controlled studies, including 3 monotherapy studies, 9 add-on to background antidiabetic therapy studies, and an initial combination with metformin study. Across these 13 studies, 2360 patients were treated once daily with FARXIGA 10 mg for a mean duration of exposure of 22 weeks. The mean age of the population was 59 years and 4% were older than 75 years. Fifty-eight percent (58%) of the population were male; 84% were White, 9% were Asian, and 3% were Black or African American. At baseline, the population had diabetes for an average of 9 years, had a mean HbA1c of 8.2%, and 30% had established microvascular disease. Baseline renal function was normal or mildly impaired in 88% of patients and moderately impaired in 11% of patients (mean eGFR 82 mL/min/1.73 m2).
Volume Depletion
FARXIGA causes an osmotic diuresis, which may lead to reductions in intravascular volume. Adverse reactions related to volume depletion (including reports of dehydration, hypovolemia, orthostatic hypotension, or hypotension) are shown in Table 2 for the 12-study and 13-study, short-term, placebo-controlled pools [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Impairment of Renal Function
Use of FARXIGA was associated with increases in serum creatinine and decreases in eGFR (see Table 3). In patients with normal or mildly impaired renal function at baseline, serum creatinine and eGFR returned to baseline values at Week 24. Renal-related adverse reactions, including renal failure and blood creatinine increase, were more frequent in patients treated with FARXIGA (see Table 4). Elderly patients and patients with impaired renal function were more susceptible to these adverse reactions (see Table 4). Sustained decreases in eGFR were seen in patients with moderate renal impairment (eGFR 30 to less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2).
The safety of FARXIGA was evaluated in a study of patients with moderate renal impairment (eGFR 30 to less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) [see Clinical Studies (14)]. In this study 13 patients experienced bone fractures for treatment durations up to 104 weeks. No fractures occurred in the placebo group, 5 occurred in the FARXIGA 5 mg group, and 8 occurred in the FARXIGA 10 mg group. Eight of these 13 fractures were in patients who had a baseline eGFR of 30 to 45 mL/min/1.73 m2. Eleven of the 13 fractures were reported within the first 52 weeks. There was no apparent pattern with respect to the anatomic site of fracture.
Hypoglycemia
The frequency of hypoglycemia by study [see Clinical Studies (14)] is shown in Table 5. Hypoglycemia was more frequent when FARXIGA was added to sulfonylurea or insulin [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
Genital Mycotic Infections
Genital mycotic infections were more frequent with FARXIGA treatment. Genital mycotic infections were reported in 0.9% of patients on placebo, 5.7% on FARXIGA 5 mg, and 4.8% on FARXIGA 10 mg, in the 12-study placebo-controlled pool. Discontinuation from study due to genital infection occurred in 0% of placebo-treated patients and 0.2% of patients treated with FARXIGA 10 mg. Infections were more frequently reported in females than in males (see Table 1). The most frequently reported genital mycotic infections were vulvovaginal mycotic infections in females and balanitis in males. Patients with a history of genital mycotic infections were more likely to have a genital mycotic infection during the study than those with no prior history (10.0%, 23.1%, and 25.0% versus 0.8%, 5.9%, and 5.0% on placebo, FARXIGA 5 mg, and FARXIGA 10 mg, respectively).
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., angioedema, urticaria, hypersensitivity) were reported with FARXIGA treatment. Across the clinical program, serious anaphylactic reactions and severe cutaneous adverse reactions and angioedema were reported in 0.2% of comparator-treated patients and 0.3% of FARXIGA-treated patients. If hypersensitivity reactions occur, discontinue use of FARXIGA; treat per standard of care and monitor until signs and symptoms resolve.
Laboratory Tests
Increase in Hematocrit
In the pool of 13 placebo-controlled studies, increases from baseline in mean hematocrit values were observed in FARXIGA-treated patients starting at Week 1 and continuing up to Week 16, when the maximum mean difference from baseline was observed. At Week 24, the mean changes from baseline in hematocrit were −0.33% in the placebo group and 2.30% in the FARXIGA 10 mg group. By Week 24, hematocrit values >55% were reported in 0.4% of placebo-treated patients and 1.3% of FARXIGA 10 mg–treated patients.
Increase in Serum Inorganic Phosphorus
In the pool of 13 placebo-controlled studies, increases from baseline in mean serum phosphorus levels were reported at Week 24 in FARXIGA-treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients (mean increase of 0.13 versus −0.04 mg/dL, respectively). Higher proportions of patients with marked laboratory abnormalities of hyperphosphatemia (≥5.6 mg/dL for age 17-65 years or ≥5.1 mg/dL for age ≥66 years) were reported on FARXIGA at Week 24 (0.9% versus 1.7% for placebo and FARXIGA 10 mg, respectively).
Increase in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
In the pool of 13 placebo-controlled studies, changes from baseline in mean lipid values were reported in FARXIGA-treated patients compared to placebo-treated patients. Mean percent changes from baseline at Week 24, were 0.0% versus 2.5% for total cholesterol and −1.0% versus 2.9% for LDL cholesterol, in the placebo and FARXIGA 10 mg groups, respectively.
Postmarketing Experience
There is limited information regarding Dapagliflozin Postmarketing Experience in the drug label.
Drug Interactions
7.1 Positive Urine Glucose Test
Monitoring glycemic control with urine glucose tests is not recommended in patients taking SGLT2 inhibitors as SGLT2 inhibitors increase urinary glucose excretion and will lead to positive urine glucose tests. Use alternative methods to monitor glycemic control.
7.2 Interference with 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) Assay
Monitoring glycemic control with 1,5-AG assay is not recommended as measurements of 1,5-AG are unreliable in assessing glycemic control in patients taking SGLT2 inhibitors. Use alternative methods to monitor glycemic control.
Use in Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category (FDA): C There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of FARXIGA in pregnant women. Based on results of reproductive and developmental toxicity studies in animals, dapagliflozin may affect renal development and maturation. In a juvenile rat study, increased incidence and/or severity of renal pelvic and tubular dilatations were evident at the lowest tested dose which was approximately 15 times clinical exposure from a 10 mg dose.
These outcomes occurred with drug exposures during periods of animal development that correlate with the late second and third trimesters of human pregnancy. During pregnancy, consider appropriate alternative therapies, especially during the second and third trimesters. FARXIGA should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
In a juvenile toxicity study, when dapagliflozin was dosed directly to young rats from postnatal day (PND) 21 until PND 90 at doses of 1, 15, or 75 mg/kg/day, increased kidney weights and renal pelvic and tubular dilatations were reported at all levels. Exposure at the lowest tested dose was 15 times the maximum clinical dose, based on AUC. The renal pelvic and tubular dilatations observed in juvenile animals did not fully reverse within the approximate 1-month recovery period.
In a prenatal and postnatal development study, maternal rats were dosed from gestation day 6 through lactation day 21 at doses of 1, 15, or 75 mg/kg/day, and pups were indirectly exposed in utero and throughout lactation. Increased incidence or severity of renal pelvic dilatation was observed in adult offspring of treated dams at 75 mg/kg/day (maternal and pup dapagliflozin exposures were 1415 times and 137 times, respectively, the human values at the clinical dose). Dose-related reductions in pup body weights were observed at doses ≥1 mg/kg/day (approximately ≥19 times the clinical dose). No adverse effects on developmental endpoints were noted at 1 mg/kg/day, or approximately 19 times the clinical dose.
In embryo-fetal development studies in rats and rabbits, dapagliflozin was administered for intervals coinciding with the first trimester period of organogenesis in humans. No developmental toxicities were observed in rabbits at any dose tested. In rats, dapagliflozin was neither embryolethal nor teratogenic at doses up to 75 mg/kg/day or 1441 times the maximum clinical dose of 10 mg. At higher doses in rats, malformations of blood vessels, ribs, vertebra, manubria, and skeletal variations in fetuses at ≥150 mg/kg or 2344 times the 10 mg clinical dose were observed.
Pregnancy Category (AUS):
- Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Dapagliflozin in women who are pregnant.
Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Dapagliflozin during labor and delivery.
Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether FARXIGA is excreted in human milk. Dapagliflozin is excreted in rat milk reaching levels 0.49 times that found in maternal plasma. Data in juvenile rats directly exposed to dapagliflozin showed risk to the developing kidney (renal pelvic and tubular dilatations) during maturation. Since human kidney maturation occurs in utero and during the first 2 years of life when lactational exposure may occur, there may be risk to the developing human kidney. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from FARXIGA, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue FARXIGA, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness of FARXIGA in pediatric patients under 18 years of age have not been established.
Geriatic Use
No FARXIGA dosage change is recommended based on age. A total of 1424 (24%) of the 5936 FARXIGA-treated patients were 65 years and older and 207 (3.5%) patients were 75 years and older in a pool of 21 double-blind, controlled, clinical safety and efficacy studies of FARXIGA. After controlling for level of renal function (eGFR), efficacy was similar for patients under age 65 years and those 65 years and older. In patients ≥65 years of age, a higher proportion of patients treated with FARXIGA had adverse reactions related to volume depletion and renal impairment or failure compared to patients treated with placebo [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Dapagliflozin with respect to specific gender populations.
Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Dapagliflozin with respect to specific racial populations.
Renal Impairment
The safety and efficacy of FARXIGA were evaluated in a study that included patients with moderate renal impairment (eGFR 30 to less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Compared to placebo-treated patients, patients with moderate renal impairment treated with FARXIGA did not have improvement in glycemic control [see Clinical Studies (14.7)] and had more renal-related adverse reactions and more bone fractures [see Dosage and Administration (2.2), Warnings and Precautions (5.2), and Adverse Reactions (6.1)]; therefore, FARXIGA should not be initiated in this population.
Based on its mechanism of action, FARXIGA is not expected to be effective in patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) or ESRD [see Contraindications (4)].
Hepatic Impairment
No dose adjustment is recommended for patients with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic impairment. However, the benefit-risk for the use of dapagliflozin in patients with severe hepatic impairment should be individually assessed since the safety and efficacy of dapagliflozin have not been specifically studied in this population [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Dapagliflozin in women of reproductive potentials and males.
Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Dapagliflozin in patients who are immunocompromised.
Administration and Monitoring
Administration
2.1 Recommended Dosing
The recommended starting dose of FARXIGA is 5 mg once daily, taken in the morning, with or without food. In patients tolerating FARXIGA 5 mg once daily who require additional glycemic control, the dose can be increased to 10 mg once daily.
In patients with volume depletion, correcting this condition prior to initiation of FARXIGA is recommended [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1), Use in Specific Populations (8.5, 8.6), and Patient Counseling Information (17)].
2.2 Patients with Renal Impairment
Assessment of renal function is recommended prior to initiation of FARXIGA therapy and periodically thereafter.
FARXIGA should not be initiated in patients with an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
No dose adjustment is needed in patients with mild renal impairment (eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or greater).
FARXIGA should be discontinued when eGFR is persistently less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
FARXIGA 5 mg tablets are yellow, biconvex, round, film-coated tablets with “5” engraved on one side and “1427” engraved on the other side. FARXIGA 10 mg tablets are yellow, biconvex, diamond-shaped, film-coated tablets with “10” engraved on one side and “1428” engraved on the other side.
Monitoring
There is limited information regarding Monitoring of Dapagliflozin in the drug label.
- Description
IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Dapagliflozin in the drug label.
Overdosage
There were no reports of overdose during the clinical development program for FARXIGA.
In the event of an overdose, contact the Poison Control Center. It is also reasonable to employ supportive measures, as dictated by the patient’s clinical status. The removal of dapagliflozin by hemodialysis has not been studied.
Pharmacology
There is limited information regarding Dapagliflozin Pharmacology in the drug label.
Mechanism of Action
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), expressed in the proximal renal tubules, is responsible for the majority of the reabsorption of filtered glucose from the tubular lumen. Dapagliflozin is an inhibitor of SGLT2. By inhibiting SGLT2, dapagliflozin reduces reabsorption of filtered glucose and lowers the renal threshold for glucose, and thereby increases urinary glucose excretion.
Structure
Dapagliflozin is described chemically as D-glucitol, 1,5-anhydro-1-C-[4-chloro-3-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)methyl]phenyl]-, (1S)-, compounded with (2S)-1,2-propanediol, hydrate (1:1:1). The empirical formula is C21H25ClO6•C3H8O2•H2O and the molecular weight is 502.98. The structural formula is:
FARXIGA is available as a film-coated tablet for oral administration containing the equivalent of 5 mg dapagliflozin as dapagliflozin propanediol or the equivalent of 10 mg dapagliflozin as dapagliflozin propanediol, and the following inactive ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, anhydrous lactose, crospovidone, silicon dioxide, and magnesium stearate. In addition, the film coating contains the following inactive ingredients: polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol, talc, and yellow iron oxide.
Pharmacodynamics
General
Increases in the amount of glucose excreted in the urine were observed in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus following the administration of dapagliflozin (see Figure 1). Dapagliflozin dose of 10 mg per day in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for 12 weeks resulted in excretion of approximately 70 grams of glucose in the urine per day at Week 12. A near maximum glucose excretion was observed at the dapagliflozin daily dose of 20 mg. This urinary glucose excretion with dapagliflozin also results in increases in urinary volume [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
Cardiac Electrophysiology
Dapagliflozin was not associated with clinically meaningful prolongation of QTc interval at daily doses up to 150 mg (15 times the recommended maximum dose) in a study of healthy subjects. In addition, no clinically meaningful effect on QTc interval was observed following single doses of up to 500 mg (50 times the recommended maximum dose) of dapagliflozin in healthy subjects.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Following oral administration of dapagliflozin, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) is usually attained within 2 hours under fasting state. The Cmax and AUC values increase dose proportionally with increase in dapagliflozin dose in the therapeutic dose range. The absolute oral bioavailability of dapagliflozin following the administration of a 10 mg dose is 78%. Administration of dapagliflozin with a high-fat meal decreases its Cmax by up to 50% and prolongs Tmax by approximately 1 hour, but does not alter AUC as compared with the fasted state. These changes are not considered to be clinically meaningful and dapagliflozin can be administered with or without food.
Distribution
Dapagliflozin is approximately 91% protein bound. Protein binding is not altered in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.
Metabolism
The metabolism of dapagliflozin is primarily mediated by UGT1A9; CYP-mediated metabolism is a minor clearance pathway in humans. Dapagliflozin is extensively metabolized, primarily to yield dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide, which is an inactive metabolite. Dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide accounted for 61% of a 50 mg [14C]-dapagliflozin dose and is the predominant drug-related component in human plasma.
Elimination
Dapagliflozin and related metabolites are primarily eliminated via the renal pathway. Following a single 50 mg dose of [14C]-dapagliflozin, 75% and 21% total radioactivity is excreted in urine and feces, respectively. In urine, less than 2% of the dose is excreted as parent drug. In feces, approximately 15% of the dose is excreted as parent drug. The mean plasma terminal half-life (t½) for dapagliflozin is approximately 12.9 hours following a single oral dose of FARXIGA 10 mg.
Specific Populations
Renal Impairment
At steady state (20 mg once-daily dapagliflozin for 7 days), patients with type 2 diabetes with mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment (as determined by eGFR) had geometric mean systemic exposures of dapagliflozin that were 45%, 2.04-fold, and 3.03-fold higher, respectively, as compared to patients with type 2 diabetes with normal renal function. Higher systemic exposure of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with renal impairment did not result in a correspondingly higher 24-hour urinary glucose excretion. The steady-state 24-hour urinary glucose excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes and mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment was 42%, 80%, and 90% lower, respectively, than patients with type 2 diabetes with normal renal function. The impact of hemodialysis on dapagliflozin exposure is not known. [See Dosage and Administration (2.2), Warnings and Precautions (5.2), Use in Specific Populations (8.6), and Clinical Studies (14.7).]
Hepatic Impairment
In subjects with mild and moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh classes A and B), mean Cmax and AUC of dapagliflozin were up to 12% and 36% higher, respectively, as compared to healthy matched control subjects following single-dose administration of 10 mg dapagliflozin. These differences were not considered to be clinically meaningful. In patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class C), mean Cmax and AUC of dapagliflozin were up to 40% and 67% higher, respectively, as compared to healthy matched controls [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].
Effects of Age, Gender, Race, and Body Weight on Pharmacokinetics
Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis, age, gender, race, and body weight do not have a clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics of dapagliflozin and thus, no dose adjustment is recommended.
Pediatric
Pharmacokinetics in the pediatric population has not been studied.
Drug Interactions
In Vitro Assessment of Drug Interactions
In in vitro studies, dapagliflozin and dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide neither inhibited CYP 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, or 3A4, nor induced CYP 1A2, 2B6, or 3A4. Dapagliflozin is a weak substrate of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) active transporter, and dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide is a substrate for the OAT3 active transporter. Dapagliflozin or dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide did not meaningfully inhibit P-gp, OCT2, OAT1, or OAT3 active transporters. Overall, dapagliflozin is unlikely to affect the pharmacokinetics of concurrently administered medications that are P-gp, OCT2, OAT1, or OAT3 substrates.
Effects of Other Drugs on Dapagliflozin
Table 6 shows the effect of coadministered drugs on the pharmacokinetics of dapagliflozin. No dose adjustments are recommended for dapagliflozin.
Effects of Dapagliflozin on Other Drugs
Table 7 shows the effect of dapagliflozin on other coadministered drugs. Dapagliflozin did not meaningfully affect the pharmacokinetics of the coadministered drugs.
Nonclinical Toxicology
There is limited information regarding Dapagliflozin Nonclinical Toxicology in the drug label.
Clinical Studies
14.1 Overview of Clinical Studies of FARXIGA for Type 2 Diabetes
FARXIGA has been studied as monotherapy and in combination with metformin, pioglitazone, glimepiride, sitagliptin (with or without metformin), or insulin (with or without other oral antidiabetic therapy). The efficacy of FARXIGA was compared to a sulfonylurea (glipizide) added on to metformin. FARXIGA has also been studied in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment.
Treatment with FARXIGA as monotherapy and in combination with metformin, glimepiride, pioglitazone, sitagliptin, or insulin produced statistically significant improvements in mean change from baseline at Week 24 in HbA1c compared to control. Reductions in HbA1c were seen across subgroups including gender, age, race, duration of disease, and baseline BMI.
14.2 Monotherapy
A total of 840 treatment-naive patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes participated in 2 placebo-controlled studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of monotherapy with FARXIGA.
In 1 monotherapy study, a total of 558 treatment-naive patients with inadequately controlled diabetes participated in a 24-week study. Following a 2-week diet and exercise placebo lead-in period, 485 patients with HbA1c ≥7% and ≤10% were randomized to FARXIGA 5 mg or FARXIGA 10 mg once daily in either the morning (QAM, main cohort) or evening (QPM), or placebo.
At Week 24, treatment with FARXIGA 10 mg QAM provided significant improvements in HbA1c and FPG compared with placebo (see Table 8).
14.3 Initial Combination Therapy with Metformin
A total of 1241 treatment-naive patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA1c ≥7.5% and ≤12%) participated in 2 active-controlled studies of 24-week duration to evaluate the safety and efficacy of initial therapy with FARXIGA 5 mg or 10 mg in combination with metformin extended-release (XR) formulation.
In 1 study, 638 patients were randomized to 1 of 3 treatment arms following a 1-week lead-in period: FARXIGA 10 mg plus metformin XR (up to 2000 mg per day), FARXIGA 10 mg plus placebo, or metformin XR (up to 2000 mg per day) plus placebo. Metformin XR dose was up-titrated weekly in 500 mg increments, as tolerated, with a median dose achieved of 2000 mg.
The combination treatment of FARXIGA 10 mg plus metformin XR provided statistically significant improvements in HbA1c and FPG compared with either of the monotherapy treatments and statistically significant reduction in body weight compared with metformin XR alone (see Table 9 and Figure 2). FARXIGA 10 mg as monotherapy also provided statistically significant improvements in FPG and statistically significant reduction in body weight compared with metformin alone and was noninferior to metformin XR monotherapy in lowering HbA1c.
In a second study, 603 patients were randomized to 1 of 3 treatment arms following a 1-week lead-in period: FARXIGA 5 mg plus metformin XR (up to 2000 mg per day), FARXIGA 5 mg plus placebo, or metformin XR (up to 2000 mg per day) plus placebo. Metformin XR dose was up-titrated weekly in 500 mg increments, as tolerated, with a median dose achieved of 2000 mg.
The combination treatment of FARXIGA 5 mg plus metformin XR provided statistically significant improvements in HbA1c and FPG compared with either of the monotherapy treatments and statistically significant reduction in body weight compared with metformin XR alone (see Table 10).
How Supplied
- FARXIGA (dapagliflozin) tablets have markings on both sides and are available in the strengths and packages listed in Table 14.
Storage
- Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Images
Drug Images
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Patient Counseling Information
See FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Instructions
Instruct patients to read the Medication Guide before starting treatment with FARXIGA and to reread it each time the prescription is renewed.
Inform patients of the potential risks and benefits of FARXIGA and of alternative modes of therapy. Also inform patients about the importance of adherence to dietary instructions, regular physical activity, periodic blood glucose monitoring and HbA1c testing, recognition and management of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, and assessment of diabetes complications. Advise patients to seek medical advice promptly during periods of stress such as fever, trauma, infection, or surgery, as medication requirements may change.
Instruct patients to take FARXIGA only as prescribed. If a dose is missed, advise patients to take it as soon as it is remembered unless it is almost time for the next dose, in which case patients should skip the missed dose and take the medicine at the next regularly scheduled time. Advise patients not to take two doses of FARXIGA at the same time.
Inform patients that the most common adverse reactions associated with use of FARXIGA are genital mycotic infections, nasopharyngitis, and urinary tract infections.
Instruct patient to immediately inform her healthcare provider if she is pregnant or plans to become pregnant. Based on animal data, FARXIGA may cause fetal harm in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
Instruct patient to immediately inform her healthcare provider if she is breastfeeding or planning to breastfeed. It is not known if FARXIGA is excreted in breast milk; however, based on animal data, FARXIGA may cause harm to nursing infants.
Hypotension
Inform patients that symptomatic hypotension may occur with FARXIGA and advise them to contact their healthcare provider if they experience such symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. Inform patients that dehydration may increase the risk for hypotension, and to have adequate fluid intake.
Genital Mycotic Infections in Females (e.g., Vulvovaginitis)
Inform female patients that vaginal yeast infections may occur and provide them with information on the signs and symptoms of vaginal yeast infections. Advise them of treatment options and when to seek medical advice [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
Genital Mycotic Infections in Males (e.g., Balanitis)
Inform male patients that yeast infections of the penis (e.g., balanitis or balanoposthitis) may occur, especially in patients with prior history. Provide them with information on the signs and symptoms of balanitis and balanoposthitis (rash or redness of the glans or foreskin of the penis). Advise them of treatment options and when to seek medical advice [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Inform patients that serious hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., urticaria and angioedema) have been reported with FARXIGA. Advise patients to immediately report any signs or symptoms suggesting allergic reaction or angioedema, and to take no more of the drug until they have consulted prescribing physicians.
Urinary Tract Infections
Inform patients of the potential for urinary tract infections. Provide them with information on the symptoms of urinary tract infections. Advise them to seek medical advice if such symptoms occur.
Bladder Cancer
Inform patients to promptly report any signs of macroscopic hematuria or other symptoms potentially related to bladder cancer.
Laboratory Tests
Due to its mechanism of action, patients taking FARXIGA will test positive for glucose in their urine.
Precautions with Alcohol
- Alcohol-Dapagliflozin interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
Brand Names
- ®[1]
Look-Alike Drug Names
- A® — B®[2]
Drug Shortage Status
Price
References
The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.
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- ↑ "http://www.ismp.org". External link in
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