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{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
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  Name          = Cystitis |
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  ICD10          = {{ICD10|N|30||n|30}} |
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  ICD9          = {{ICD9|595}} |
| [[File:Siren.gif|link=Urinary tract infection resident survival guide|41x41px]]|| <br> || <br>
  ICDO          = |
| [[Urinary tract infection resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
  Image          = |
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  Caption        = |
{{Cystitis}}
  OMIM          = |
'''For patient information click [[Cystitis (patient information)|here]].'''
  MedlinePlus    = |
  eMedicineSubj  = |
  eMedicineTopic = |
  DiseasesDB    = 29445 |
}}
{{SI}}
{{SCC}}


{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Maliha}}, {{USAMA}}, {{SSH}}


{{SK}} [[Ketamine cystitis]]; [[Traumatic cystitis]]; [[Cystitis cystica]]; [[Bladder infection]]


==Causes, incidence and risk factors==
==[[Cystitis overview|Overview]]==
Cystitis occurs when the normally sterile lower urinary tract ([[urethra]] and [[bladder]]) is infected by bacteria and becomes irritated and inflamed. It is very common [citation needed].


The condition frequently affects sexually active women ages 20 to 50 but may also occur in those who are not sexually active or in young girls. Older adults are also at high risk for developing cystitis, with the incidence in the elderly being much higher than in younger people.
==[[Cystitis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


Cystitis is rare in males. Females are more prone to the development of cystitis because of their relatively shorter urethra&mdash;bacteria do not have to travel as far to enter the bladder&mdash;and because of the relatively short distance between the opening of the urethra and the [[anus]].
==[[Cystitis classification|Classification]]==


More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by ''[[escherichia coli]] ("E. coli")'', a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Sexual intercourse may increase the risk of cystitis because bacteria can be introduced into the bladder through the urethra during sexual activity. Once bacteria enter the bladder, they are normally removed through urination. When bacteria multiply faster than they are removed by urination, infection results.
==[[Cystitis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


Risks for cystitis include obstruction of the bladder or urethra with resultant stagnation of urine, insertion of instruments into the urinary tract (such as [[catheterization]] or [[cystoscopy]]), [[pregnancy]], [[diabetes]], [[HIV]], and a history of analgesic [[nephropathy]] or reflux nephropathy.
==[[Cystitis causes|Causes]]==


The elderly of both sexes are at increased risk for developing cystitis due to incomplete emptying of the bladder associated with such conditions as [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]] (BPH), [[prostatitis]] and [[urethral stricture]]s. Also, lack of adequate fluids, [[Fecal incontinence|bowel incontinence]], immobility or decreased mobility and placement in a nursing home, all put people at increased risk for cystitis.
==[[Cystitis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cystitis from other Diseases]]==


==Symptoms==
==[[Cystitis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
* Pressure in the lower pelvis
* Painful urination ([[dysuria]])
* [[Frequent urination]] (AKA [[polyuria]]) or [[urgent need to urinate]] (AKA [[urgency]])
* Need to urinate at night ([[nocturia]], similar to prostate cancer or BPH)
* Abnormal urine color (cloudy), similar to a [[urinary tract infection]]
* Blood in the urine ([[hematuria]]) (similar to a female's period or bladder cancer)
* Foul or strong urine odor


==Signs and Tests==
==[[Cystitis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
* A urinalysis commonly reveals white blood cells (WBCs) or red blood cells (RBCs).
* A urine culture (clean catch) or catheterized urine specimen may be performed to determine the type of bacteria in the urine and the appropriate antibiotic for treatment.


==Treatment==
== [[Cystitis screening|Screening]] ==


Because of the risk of the infection spreading to the kidneys (complicated [[Urinary tract infection|UTI]]) and due to the high complication rate in the elderly population and in diabetics, prompt treatment is almost always recommended.
==[[Cystitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


=== Medication ===
==Diagnosis==
Antibiotics are used to control bacterial infection. It is vital that one finish an entire course of prescribed antibiotics. Commonly used antibiotics include:
* [[Nitrofurantoin]]
* [[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]]
* [[Amoxicillin]]
* [[Cephalosporins]]
* [[Ciprofloxacin]] or [[levofloxacin]]
* [[Doxycycline]]


The choice of antibiotic should preferably be guided by the result of urine culture. 
[[Cystitis diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic study of choice]] | [[Cystitis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cystitis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cystitis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cystitis electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cystitis X Ray|X-Ray Findings]] | [[Cystitis echocardiography and ultrasound|Echocardiography and Ultrasound]] | [[Cystitis CT scan|CT-Scan Findings]] | [[Cystitis MRI|MRI Findings]] | [[Cystitis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cystitis Other Diagnostic Tests|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


Chronic or recurrent UTI should be treated thoroughly because of the chance of kidney infection ([[pyelonephritis]]). Antibiotics control the bacterial infection. They may be required for long periods of time. [[Prophylactic]] low-dose antibiotics are sometimes recommended after acute symptoms have subsided.
==Treatment==


[[Pyridium]] may be used to reduce the burning and urgency associated with cystitis. In addition, common substances that increase acid in the urine, such as ascorbic acid or cranberry juice, may be recommended to decrease the concentration of bacteria in the urine.
[[Cystitis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | Intervention | [[Cystitis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cystitis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Cystitis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Cystitis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Cystitis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


=== Monitoring ===
==Case Studies==
Follow-up may include urine cultures to ensure that bacteria are no longer present in the bladder.
[[Cystitis case study one|Case #1]]


==Outcomes==
==Related Chapters==
Most cases of cystitis are uncomfortable but disappear without complication after treatment.
*[[Pyelonephritis]]


===Possible complications===
{{WH}}
* Chronic or recurrent [[urinary tract infection]]
{{WS}}
* Complicated UTI ([[pyelonephritis]])
* [[Acute renal failure]]


==Prevention==
[[Category:Medicine]]
Keeping the genital area clean and remembering to wipe from front to back may reduce the chance of introducing bacteria from the rectal area to the urethra.
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
Increasing the intake of fluids may allow frequent urination to flush the bacteria from the bladder. Urinating immediately after sexual intercourse may help eliminate any bacteria that may have been introduced during intercourse. Refraining from urinating for long periods of time may allow bacteria time to multiply, so frequent urinating may reduce risk of cystitis in those who are prone to urinary tract infections.
 
Drinking cranberry juice prevents certain types of bacteria from attaching to the wall of the bladder and may lessen the chance of infection.  <ref>[http://nutrition.about.com/od/dietsformedicaldisorders/f/cranberryjuice.htm Nutrition About.com]</ref>
Cranberry extract tablets have also been found to be effective in preventing cystitis, and avoid the taste of cranberry juice, which some find unpleasant.
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
 
==External links==
*[http://www.gesundheitsinformation.de/uncomplicated-urinary-infections-how-do-short-and-long-courses-of.234.129.en.html Uncomplicated urinary infections: How do short and long courses of antibiotics compare?]
*[http://www.ic-network.com/ Interstitial Cystitis Network (ICN)]
*[http://www.canadaic.com/ Canada IC & OAB Resource Center]
*[http://www.icadvice.com/ Interstitial Cystitis Advice (A Patient Based Community for People with IC)]
 
{{Nephrology}}
 
[[bg:Цистит]]
[[de:Zystitis]]
[[et:Tsüstiit]]
[[es:Cistitis]]
[[fr:Cystite]]
[[it:Cistite]]
[[he:דלקת שלפוחית השתן]]
[[mk:Цистит]]
[[nl:Blaasontsteking]]
[[pl:Zapalenie pęcherza moczowego]]
[[pt:Cistite]]
[[fi:Virtsarakontulehdus]]
[[sv:Nedre urinvägsinfektion]]
[[zh:膀胱炎]]
[[ja:膀胱炎]]
[[tr:Sistit]]
 
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Medical terms]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]

Latest revision as of 21:11, 29 July 2020



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Overview

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Causes

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Risk Factors

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Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

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Case #1

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For patient information click here.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2], Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3], Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[4]

Synonyms and keywords: Ketamine cystitis; Traumatic cystitis; Cystitis cystica; Bladder infection

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Cystitis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic study of choice | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | X-Ray Findings | Echocardiography and Ultrasound | CT-Scan Findings | MRI Findings | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Intervention | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Related Chapters

Template:WH Template:WS