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{{‪Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease‬}}
{{‪Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease‬}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}
==Overview==
There is no vaccine against Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Preventive measures to reduce Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have not been studied and may or may not be helpful. Preventive measures may include sterilizing medical equipment before use, avoiding the use of infected patients as cornea donors, managing infected animals (e.g. cows), and not accepting transfusions from individuals with certain travel histories (e.g. travel to UK for > 6 months between 1980-1996).
==Primary Prevention==
==Primary Prevention==
*Medical equipment is sterilized to kill organisms that may cause the disease.
*There is no vaccine against Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
*Preventive measures to reduce Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have not been studied and may or may not be helpful.
*In general, the following measures are thought to reduce the risk of transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease:
:*Sterilizing medical equipment before use
:*Avoiding the use of infected patients as cornea donors
* Managing infected animals (e.g. cows)
:*Not accepting transfusions from individuals with certain travel histories (e.g. Travel to UK for > 6 months between 1980-1996).  


*Persons who have a medical history of diagnosed or possible CJD are not used as cornea donors.
*Most countries now have strict guidelines for management of infected cows and strict restrictions regarding what they are fed, to avoid the potential for transmission of CJD to humans.
===Prevention of Variant CJD===
===Prevention of Variant CJD===
* To reduce any risk of acquiring vCJD from food, travelers to Europe or other areas with indigenous cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) may consider either avoiding beef and beef products altogether or selecting beef or beef products, such as solid pieces of muscle meat (rather than brains or beef products like burgers and sausages), that might have a reduced opportunity for contamination with tissues that may harbor the BSE agent.
* To reduce any risk of acquiring vCJD from food, travelers to Europe or other areas with indigenous cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) may consider either avoiding beef and beef products altogether or selecting beef or beef products, such as solid pieces of muscle meat (rather than brains or beef products like burgers and sausages), that might have a reduced opportunity for contamination with tissues that may harbor the BSE agent.
* Milk and milk products from cows are not believed to pose any risk for transmitting the BSE agent.<ref name="www.cdc.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/vcjd/prevention.htm | url = http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/vcjd/prevention.htm | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 17 February 2014 }}</ref>
* Milk and milk products from cows are not believed to pose any risk for transmitting the BSE agent.<ref name="www.cdc.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/vcjd/prevention.htm | url = http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/vcjd/prevention.htm | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 17 February 2014 }}</ref>
===Prevention of Bovine Songiform Encephalopathies===
===Prevention of Bovine Songiform Encephalopathies===
* Public health control measures, such as surveillance, culling sick animals, or banning specified risk materials, have been instituted in many countries, particularly in those with indigenous cases of confirmed BSE, in order to prevent potentially BSE-infected tissues from entering the human food supply.
* Public health control measures, such as surveillance, culling sick animals, or banning specified risk materials, have been instituted in many countries, particularly in those with indigenous cases of confirmed BSE, in order to prevent potentially BSE-infected tissues from entering the human food supply.
* The most stringent control measures include a UK program that excludes all animals more than 30 months of age from the human food and animal feed supplies.  The program appears to be highly effective.
* The most stringent control measures include a UK program that excludes all animals more than 30 months of age from the human food and animal feed supplies.  The program appears to be highly effective.
* In June 2000, the European Union Commission on Food Safety and Animal Welfare strengthened the European Union's BSE control measures by requiring all member states to remove specified risk materials from animal feed and human food chains as of October 1, 2000; such bans had already been instituted in most member states.  Other control measures include banning the use of mechanically recovered meat from the vertebral column of cattle, sheep, and goats for human food and BSE testing of all cattle more than 30 months of age destined for human consumption.<ref name="www.cdc.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/bse/prevention.htm | url = http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/bse/prevention.htm | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 17 February 2014 }}</ref>
* In June 2000, the European Union Commission on Food Safety and Animal Welfare strengthened the European Union's BSE control measures by requiring all member states to remove specified risk materials from animal feed and human food chains as of October 1, 2000; such bans had already been instituted in most member states.  Other control measures include banning the use of mechanically recovered meat from the vertebral column of cattle, sheep, and goats for human food and BSE testing of all cattle more than 30 months of age destined for human consumption.<ref name="www.cdc.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/bse/prevention.htm | url = http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/bse/prevention.htm | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 17 February 2014 }}</ref>
===Blood Donor Restrictions===
===Blood Donor Restrictions===
In 2004 a new report published in the ''[[The Lancet|Lancet]]'' medical journal showed that vCJD can be transmitted by [[blood transfusion]]s.<ref name="pmid15302196">{{cite journal |author=Peden AH, Head MW, Ritchie DL, Bell JE, Ironside JW |title=Preclinical vCJD after blood transfusion in a PRNP codon 129 heterozygous patient |journal=Lancet |volume=364 |issue=9433 |pages=527–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15302196 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16811-6}}</ref> The finding alarmed [[healthcare]] officials because a large [[epidemic]] of the disease might arise in the near future. There is no test to determine if a [[blood donor]] is [[infected]] and in the latent phase of vCJD. In reaction to this report, the British government banned anyone who had received a [[blood transfusion]] since January 1980 from donating blood.
*It is thought that variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease may be transmitted by blood transfusion.<ref name="pmid15302196">{{cite journal |author=Peden AH, Head MW, Ritchie DL, Bell JE, Ironside JW |title=Preclinical vCJD after blood transfusion in a PRNP codon 129 heterozygous patient |journal=Lancet |volume=364 |issue=9433 |pages=527–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15302196 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16811-6}}</ref>
 
*Restrictions on blood donations may be helpful (unknown level of effectiveness). There is currently no test to determine if a [[blood donor]] is [[infected]] and in the latent phase of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
On May 28, 2002, the [[United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] instituted a policy that excludes from donation anyone who spent at least 6 months in certain Western European countries, (or 3 months in the United Kingdom), from 1980 to 1996. Given the large number of U.S. military personnel and their dependents residing in Europe, it was expected that over 7% of donors would be deferred due to the policy. Later changes to this policy have relaxed the restriction to a cumulative total of 5 years or more of civilian travel in Western European countries (6 months or more if military). The 3-month restriction on travel to the UK, however, has not been changed.<ref name="titleIn-Depth Discussion of Variant Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease and Blood Donation">{{cite web|url=http://www.redcross.org/services/biomed/blood/supply/cjdv.html |title=In-Depth Discussion of Variant Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease and Blood Donation|accessdate=2007-12-02 |format= |work=}}</ref>
:*On May 28, 2002, the [[United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] instituted a policy that excludes from donation anyone who spent at least 6 months in certain Western European countries (or 3 months in the United Kingdom) from 1980 to 1996.<ref name="titleIn-Depth Discussion of Variant Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease and Blood Donation">{{cite web|url=http://www.redcross.org/services/biomed/blood/supply/cjdv.html |title=In-Depth Discussion of Variant Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease and Blood Donation|accessdate=2007-12-02 |format= |work=}}</ref>
 
:*A similar policy applies to potential donors to the [[Australian Red Cross]]' [[Australian Red Cross Blood Service|Blood Service]], precluding people who have spent a cumulative time of six months or more in the United Kingdom between 1980 and 1996.
A similar policy applies to potential donors to the [[Australian Red Cross]]' [[Australian Red Cross Blood Service|Blood Service]], precluding people who have spent a cumulative time of six months or more in the United Kingdom between 1980 and 1996.
:*The [[Singapore Red Cross]] precludes potential donors who have spent a cumulative time of three months or more in the United Kingdom between 1980 and 1996.
 
:*As of 1999, [[Health Canada]] announced a policy to defer individuals from donating blood if they have lived within the United Kingdom for one month or more from Jan. 1, 1980 to Dec. 31, 1996. :*In 2000, the same policy was applied to people who have resided in France, for at least three months from Jan. 1980 to Dec. 1996. Canada will not accept blood from a person who has spent more than 6 months in a Western European country since January 1, 1980.<ref name="titleH�ma-Qu�bec, blood, donors, blood donation, volunteers, receivers, blood drives, Globule, blood clinics, stem cells, blood cord, human tissues, safety, H�ma-Qu�bec, job openings, press center">{{cite web |url=http://www.hema-quebec.qc.ca/anglais/dondesang/qualifidonneurs.htm |title=H�ma-Qu�bec, blood, donors, blood donation, volunteers, receivers, blood drives, Globule, blood clinics, stem cells, blood cord, human tissues, safety, H�ma-Qu�bec, job openings, press center |accessdate=2007-12-02 |format= |work=}}</ref>
The [[Singapore Red Cross]] precludes potential donors who have spent a cumulative time of three months or more in the United Kingdom between 1980 and 1996.
:*The [http://www.bloddonor.dk/ Association of Blood donors] of Denmark precludes potential donors who have spent a cumulative time of at least twelve months in the United Kingdom between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 1996.
 
:*The Swiss [http://redcross.ch/org/institutions/blood/index-de.php Blutspendedienst SRK] precludes potential donors who have spent a cumulative time of at least six months in the United Kingdom between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 1996.
As of 1999, [[Health Canada]] announced a policy to defer individuals from donating blood if they have lived within the United Kingdom for one month or more from Jan. 1, 1980 to Dec. 31, 1996. In 2000, the same policy was applied to people who have resided in France, for at least three months from Jan. 1980 to Dec. 1996. Canada will not accept blood from a person who has spent more than 6 months in a Western European country since January 1, 1980.<ref name="titleH�ma-Qu�bec, blood, donors, blood donation, volunteers, receivers, blood drives, Globule, blood clinics, stem cells, blood cord, human tissues, safety, H�ma-Qu�bec, job openings, press center">{{cite web |url=http://www.hema-quebec.qc.ca/anglais/dondesang/qualifidonneurs.htm |title=H�ma-Qu�bec, blood, donors, blood donation, volunteers, receivers, blood drives, Globule, blood clinics, stem cells, blood cord, human tissues, safety, H�ma-Qu�bec, job openings, press center |accessdate=2007-12-02 |format= |work=}}</ref>
 
The [http://www.bloddonor.dk/ Association of Blood donors] of Denmark precludes potential donors who have spent a cumulative time of at least twelve months in the United Kingdom between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 1996.
 
The Swiss [http://redcross.ch/org/institutions/blood/index-de.php Blutspendedienst SRK] precludes potential donors who have spent a cumulative time of at least six months in the United Kingdom between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 1996.


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies]]
[[Category:Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

There is no vaccine against Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Preventive measures to reduce Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have not been studied and may or may not be helpful. Preventive measures may include sterilizing medical equipment before use, avoiding the use of infected patients as cornea donors, managing infected animals (e.g. cows), and not accepting transfusions from individuals with certain travel histories (e.g. travel to UK for > 6 months between 1980-1996).

Primary Prevention

  • There is no vaccine against Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
  • Preventive measures to reduce Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have not been studied and may or may not be helpful.
  • In general, the following measures are thought to reduce the risk of transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease:
  • Sterilizing medical equipment before use
  • Avoiding the use of infected patients as cornea donors
  • Managing infected animals (e.g. cows)
  • Not accepting transfusions from individuals with certain travel histories (e.g. Travel to UK for > 6 months between 1980-1996).

Prevention of Variant CJD

  • To reduce any risk of acquiring vCJD from food, travelers to Europe or other areas with indigenous cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) may consider either avoiding beef and beef products altogether or selecting beef or beef products, such as solid pieces of muscle meat (rather than brains or beef products like burgers and sausages), that might have a reduced opportunity for contamination with tissues that may harbor the BSE agent.
  • Milk and milk products from cows are not believed to pose any risk for transmitting the BSE agent.[1]

Prevention of Bovine Songiform Encephalopathies

  • Public health control measures, such as surveillance, culling sick animals, or banning specified risk materials, have been instituted in many countries, particularly in those with indigenous cases of confirmed BSE, in order to prevent potentially BSE-infected tissues from entering the human food supply.
  • The most stringent control measures include a UK program that excludes all animals more than 30 months of age from the human food and animal feed supplies. The program appears to be highly effective.
  • In June 2000, the European Union Commission on Food Safety and Animal Welfare strengthened the European Union's BSE control measures by requiring all member states to remove specified risk materials from animal feed and human food chains as of October 1, 2000; such bans had already been instituted in most member states. Other control measures include banning the use of mechanically recovered meat from the vertebral column of cattle, sheep, and goats for human food and BSE testing of all cattle more than 30 months of age destined for human consumption.[1]

Blood Donor Restrictions

  • It is thought that variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease may be transmitted by blood transfusion.[2]
  • Restrictions on blood donations may be helpful (unknown level of effectiveness). There is currently no test to determine if a blood donor is infected and in the latent phase of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
  • On May 28, 2002, the United States Food and Drug Administration instituted a policy that excludes from donation anyone who spent at least 6 months in certain Western European countries (or 3 months in the United Kingdom) from 1980 to 1996.[3]
  • A similar policy applies to potential donors to the Australian Red Cross' Blood Service, precluding people who have spent a cumulative time of six months or more in the United Kingdom between 1980 and 1996.
  • The Singapore Red Cross precludes potential donors who have spent a cumulative time of three months or more in the United Kingdom between 1980 and 1996.
  • As of 1999, Health Canada announced a policy to defer individuals from donating blood if they have lived within the United Kingdom for one month or more from Jan. 1, 1980 to Dec. 31, 1996. :*In 2000, the same policy was applied to people who have resided in France, for at least three months from Jan. 1980 to Dec. 1996. Canada will not accept blood from a person who has spent more than 6 months in a Western European country since January 1, 1980.[[#cite_note-titleH�ma-Qu�bec,_blood,_donors,_blood_donation,_volunteers,_receivers,_blood_drives,_Globule,_blood_clinics,_stem_cells,_blood_cord,_human_tissues,_safety,_H�ma-Qu�bec,_job_openings,_press_center-4|[4]]]
  • The Association of Blood donors of Denmark precludes potential donors who have spent a cumulative time of at least twelve months in the United Kingdom between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 1996.
  • The Swiss Blutspendedienst SRK precludes potential donors who have spent a cumulative time of at least six months in the United Kingdom between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 1996.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/vcjd/prevention.htm". Retrieved 17 February 2014. External link in |title= (help)
  2. ↑ Peden AH, Head MW, Ritchie DL, Bell JE, Ironside JW (2004). "Preclinical vCJD after blood transfusion in a PRNP codon 129 heterozygous patient". Lancet. 364 (9433): 527–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16811-6. PMID 15302196.
  3. ↑ "In-Depth Discussion of Variant Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease and Blood Donation". Retrieved 2007-12-02.
  4. [[#cite_ref-titleH�ma-Qu�bec,_blood,_donors,_blood_donation,_volunteers,_receivers,_blood_drives,_Globule,_blood_clinics,_stem_cells,_blood_cord,_human_tissues,_safety,_H�ma-Qu�bec,_job_openings,_press_center_4-0|↑]] [http://www.hema-quebec.qc.ca/anglais/dondesang/qualifidonneurs.htm "H�ma-Qu�bec, blood, donors, blood donation, volunteers, receivers, blood drives, Globule, blood clinics, stem cells, blood cord, human tissues, safety, H�ma-Qu�bec, job openings, press center"]. Retrieved 2007-12-02. replacement character in |title= at position 2 (help)


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