Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]
Overview
Conjunctivitis accounts for 1% of all primary care and emergency room visits. The prevalence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patient’s age, as well as the season of the year.[1]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
The prevalence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patient’s age, as well as the season of the year.[1]
Viruses cause up to 80,000 per 100,000 persons of all cases of acute conjunctivitis. Adenoviruses cause between 65,000 per 100,000 persons to 90,000 per 100,000 persons of all cases of viral conjunctivitis. Herpes simplex virus comprises 1,300 per 100,000 persons to 4,800 per 100,000 persons of all cases of acute conjunctivitis.[2]
Worldwide, neonatal conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum still blinds approximately 10,000 babies annually.[3]
The prevalence of Allergic conjunctivitis is estimated from a low of 6,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 30,000 per 100,000 persons of the general population. Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent form; however, studies from tertiary, ophthalmology referral centers report that the chronic forms, such as vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis, are the most frequently seen by ophthalmologists.[4]
keraroconjunctivitis' sicca or Dry eye syndrome is very common, the prevalence estimates range from approximately a low of 10,000 per 100,000 cases to a high of 30,000 per 100,000 cases.[5]
Incidence
The incidence of infective conjunctivitis is higher in children <1 year old (8,000 cases per 100,000 patient-years) than in children >4 years of age (1,200 cases per 100,000 patient-years). The incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis was estimated to be 1,350 cases per 100,000 individuals.[6]
The incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis ranges from a low of 1,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 2,000 per 100,000 persons.[7]
Age
Worldwide, viral conjunctivitis is more common in adults, bacterial conjunctivitis is more common in children. In the United States, the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis is 23,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 0-2 year age range), 28,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 3-9 year range), 13,000 per 100,000 cases(in the 10-19 year range) with the remaining 36,000 per 100,000 cases (in adults).[8]
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is an allergic conjunctivitis subtype, and especially affects young boys.[9]
keraroconjunctivitis sicca or dry eye syndrome affecting a significant percentage of the population, especially those older than 40 years.[10]
Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis predominantly affects middle-aged people (around the sixth decade of life).[11]
Gender
Infective Conjunctivitis occurs equally in males and females.[12]
Incidence of Sjögren's syndrome and keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with it are present much more commonly in women, with a ratio of 9:1. In addition, milder forms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca also are more common in women, an estimated 3.23 million women and 1.68 million men aged 50 years and older are affected. This is partly because hormonal changes, such as those that occur in pregnancy, menstruation, and menopause, can decrease tear production.[13]
Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis commonly women more often than men (ratio 3:1).[14]
Race
Infective conjunctivitis occurs in persons of all races.[15]
The frequency and the clinical diagnosis of dry eye syndrome appear to be greater in the Hispanic and Asian populations than in whites.[16]
Vernal keraroconjunctivitis commonly occurs in dark-skinned individuals from Africa and India.[17]
Developed Countries
In developed countries/United States, allergic conjunctivitis affects up to 40% of the population, and seasonal allergic conjunctivitis comprises 90% of all allergic conjunctivitis.[18]
Prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of silver nitrate as topical prophylaxis. Current estimates of prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis in developed countries are < 0.5%.[19]
Developing Countries
In developing countries, the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis is continuing to decrease.[1]
In developing countries/ Bangladesh, the periodic incidence (during the monsoon seasons) of bacterial conjunctivitis is seen.[20]
In developing countries/ Africa, the incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis is still high. In Pakistan, prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis is 17% among infants.[21]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Høvding G (2008). "Acute bacterial conjunctivitis". Acta Ophthalmol. 86 (1): 5–17. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.01006.x. PMID 17970823.
- ↑ Leibowitz HM (2000). "The red eye". N Engl J Med. 343 (5): 345–51. doi:10.1056/NEJM200008033430507. PMID 10922425.
- ↑ Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Wood M (1996). "The influence of perinatal infective factors on ophthalmia neonatorum". J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 33 (3): 185–8. PMID 8771523.
- ↑ Leonardi A, Castegnaro A, Valerio AL, Lazzarini D (2015). "Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis: clinical appearance and treatment patterns in a population-based study". Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 15 (5): 482–8. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000204. PMID 26258920.
- ↑ Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Buring JE, Dana MR (2003). "Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women". Am J Ophthalmol. 136 (2): 318–26. PMID 12888056.
- ↑ Smith AF, Waycaster C (2009). "Estimate of the direct and indirect annual cost of bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States". BMC Ophthalmol. 9: 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-9-13. PMC 2791746. PMID 19939250.
- ↑ Laga M, Plummer FA, Nzanze H, Namaara W, Brunham RC, Ndinya-Achola JO; et al. (1986). "Epidemiology of ophthalmia neonatorum in Kenya". Lancet. 2 (8516): 1145–9. PMID 2877285.
- ↑ Epling J (2010). "Bacterial conjunctivitis". BMJ Clin Evid. 2010. PMC 2907624. PMID 21718563.
- ↑ Bonini S, Coassin M, Aronni S, Lambiase A (2004). "Vernal keratoconjunctivitis". Eye (Lond). 18 (4): 345–51. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700675. PMID 15069427.
- ↑ Schaumberg DA, Dana R, Buring JE, Sullivan DA (2009). "Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies". Arch Ophthalmol. 127 (6): 763–8. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.103. PMC 2836718. PMID 19506195.
- ↑ Watson S, Tullo AB, Carley F (2002). "Treatment of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis with a unilateral bandage contact lens". Br J Ophthalmol. 86 (4): 485–6. PMC 1771108. PMID 11914237.
- ↑ Fitch CP, Rapoza PA, Owens S, Murillo-Lopez F, Johnson RA, Quinn TC; et al. (1989). "Epidemiology and diagnosis of acute conjunctivitis at an inner-city hospital". Ophthalmology. 96 (8): 1215–20. PMID 2797725.
- ↑ "The epidemiology of dry eye disease: report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007)". Ocul Surf. 5 (2): 93–107. 2007. PMID 17508117.
- ↑ Nelson JD (1989). "Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)". Eye (Lond). 3 ( Pt 2): 180–9. doi:10.1038/eye.1989.26. PMID 2695351.
- ↑ O'Brien TP, Jeng BH, McDonald M, Raizman MB (2009). "Acute conjunctivitis: truth and misconceptions". Curr Med Res Opin. 25 (8): 1953–61. doi:10.1185/03007990903038269. PMID 19552618.
- ↑ Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE (2000). "Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome". Arch Ophthalmol. 118 (9): 1264–8. PMID 10980773.
- ↑ Bremond-Gignac D, Donadieu J, Leonardi A, Pouliquen P, Doan S, Chiambarretta F; et al. (2008). "Prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a rare disease?". Br J Ophthalmol. 92 (8): 1097–102. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.117812. PMID 18356259.
- ↑ Bielory L (2012). "Allergic conjunctivitis: the evolution of therapeutic options". Allergy Asthma Proc. 33 (2): 129–39. doi:10.2500/aap.2012.33.3525. PMID 22525389.
- ↑ Azari AA, Barney NP (2013). "Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment". JAMA. 310 (16): 1721–9. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318. PMC 4049531. PMID 24150468.
- ↑ Woodland RM, Darougar S, Thaker U, Cornell L, Siddique M, Wania J; et al. (1992). "Causes of conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis in Karachi, Pakistan". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 86 (3): 317–20. PMID 1412664.
- ↑ Schaller UC, Klauss V (2001). "Is Credé's prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum still valid?". Bull World Health Organ. 79 (3): 262–3. PMC 2566367. PMID 11285676.