Chikungunya future or investigational therapies
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Overview
Major Tested Anti-Chikungunya Chemical Compounds
| Chloroquine[1][2] | Ribavirin[3] | 6-Azauridine[4] | Arbidol[5] | Harringtonine[6] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assay type | In vitro (vero cells) | Human | In vitro (vero cells) | In vitro (vero and primary human fibroblast cells) | In vitro (BHK21 cells) |
| Hypothesized target | Disrupted endosome-mediated CHIKV internalization, possibly through the prevention of endosomal acidification. | Can interact with the intracellular viral RNA production. | Inhibition of orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase, an enzyme involved in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine, cytidine, and thymidine. | Inhibition of virus mediated fusion and blocking of the viral entry into the target cells through inhibition of glycoprotein conformational changes that are essential for the fusion process. | Affects CHIKV RNA production inside the infected cell as well as viral protein expression such as the nsP3 and the E2 proteins. |
| Advantages | In vitro study proved that it blocks the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the proliferation of
monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes |
Faster resolution of joint and soft tissue manifestations. | Showed a significant inhibition of CHIKV at a low concentration. | Well-tolerated with minimal side effects | Minimal cytotoxicity |
| Disadvantages | In vivo study required. | Involvement of a small number of patients and lack of planning as randomly distributed patients were not
compared with a placebo group. |
The antiviral activity has been difficult to replicate in vivo. | Not tested in in vivo system. | Not tested in in vivo system. |
| Table adapted from Antiviral Perspectives for Chikungunya Virus[7] | |||||
References
- ↑ Khan, Mohsin; Santhosh, S.R.; Tiwari, Mugdha; Lakshmana Rao, P.V.; Parida, Manmohan (2010). "Assessment of in vitro prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine against chikungunya virus in vero cells". Journal of Medical Virology. 82 (5): 817–824. doi:10.1002/jmv.21663. ISSN 0146-6615.
- ↑ Delogu, Ilenia; de Lamballerie, Xavier (2011). "Chikungunya disease and chloroquine treatment". Journal of Medical Virology. 83 (6): 1058–1059. doi:10.1002/jmv.22019. ISSN 0146-6615.
- ↑ Rajan Ravichandran & Manju Manian (2008). "Ribavirin therapy for Chikungunya arthritis". Journal of infection in developing countries. 2 (2): 140–142. PMID 19738340.
- ↑ S. Briolant, D. Garin, N. Scaramozzino, A. Jouan & J. M. Crance (2004). "In vitro inhibition of Chikungunya and Semliki Forest viruses replication by antiviral compounds: synergistic effect of interferon-alpha and ribavirin combination". Antiviral research. 61 (2): 111–117. PMID 14670584. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Ilenia Delogu, Boris Pastorino, Cecile Baronti, Antoine Nougairede, Emilie Bonnet & Xavier de Lamballerie (2011). "In vitro antiviral activity of arbidol against Chikungunya virus and characteristics of a selected resistant mutant". Antiviral research. 90 (3): 99–107. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.182. PMID 21440006. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Parveen Kaur, Meerra Thiruchelvan, Regina Ching Hua Lee, Huixin Chen, Karen Caiyun Chen, Mah Lee Ng & Justin Jang Hann Chu (2013). "Inhibition of chikungunya virus replication by harringtonine, a novel antiviral that suppresses viral protein expression". Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 57 (1): 155–167. doi:10.1128/AAC.01467-12. PMID 23275491. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Parashar, Deepti; Cherian, Sarah (2014). "Antiviral Perspectives for Chikungunya Virus". BioMed Research International. 2014: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2014/631642. ISSN 2314-6133.