Bordetella pertussis: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
(12 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Taxobox
__NOTOC__
| color = lightgrey
{{About0|Pertussis}}
| name = ''Bordetella pertussis''
{{Pertussis}}
| image = Bordetella_pertussis_01.jpg
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}}; {{YD}}; {{SSK}}
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]
| classis = [[Beta Proteobacteria]]
| ordo = [[Burkholderiales]]
| familia = [[Alcaligenaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Bordetella]]''
| species = '''''B. pertussis'''''
| binomial = ''Bordetella pertussis''
| binomial_authority = (Bergey ''et al.'' 1923)<br>Moreno-López 1952
}}
'''''Bordetella pertussis''''' is a [[Gram-negative]] [[bacterium]] of the genus ''[[Bordetella]]'', and the causative agent of [[pertussis]] or whooping cough. Unlike ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica|B. bronchiseptica]]'', ''B. pertussis'' is non-[[motile]].


There does not appear to be a [[zoonotic]] reservoir for ''B. pertussis''&mdash;humans are its only [[Host (biology)|host]].
==Overview==
''Bordetella pertussis'' is a [[Gram-negative]], [[Aerobic organism|aerobic]], non-motile, non-spore-forming [[coccobacillus]]. It is the pathogen responsible for [[pertussis]] (whooping cough). Unlike ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica|B. bronchiseptica]]'', ''B. pertussis'' is not [[motile]]. Humans are the only known reservoir for ''B. pertussis''. The lipopolysaccharide-containing outer membrane of ''B. pertussis'' is unique and contains a different phosphate composition from other bacterial outer membranes.


The bacterium is spread by coughing and by nasal drops.  The incubation period is 7-14 days.
==Bodetella pertussis==
===Higher Order Taxa===
*Kingdom: Bacteria
*Phylum: Proteobacteria
*Class: Betaproteobacteria
*Order: Burkholderiales
*Family: Alcaligenaceae
*Genus: ''Bordetella''
*Species: ''B. pertussis''


==Features==
===Genome===
*The genome of ''B. pertussis'' consists of 1 circular chromosome and plasmids.
:*The circular chromosome contains 3867 genes and 4,086,189 nucleotides.<ref name="pmid17159199">{{cite journal| author=Kamachi K, Sota M, Tamai Y, Nagata N, Konda T, Inoue T et al.| title=Plasmid pBP136 from Bordetella pertussis represents an ancestral form of IncP-1beta plasmids without accessory mobile elements. | journal=Microbiology | year= 2006 | volume= 152 | issue= Pt 12 | pages= 3477-84 | pmid=17159199 | doi=10.1099/mic.0.29056-0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17159199  }} </ref>
:*The IncP-1 beta plasmid pBP136 carries 46 ORFs and contains 41,268 bp nucleotides.<ref name="pmid17159199">{{cite journal| author=Kamachi K, Sota M, Tamai Y, Nagata N, Konda T, Inoue T et al.| title=Plasmid pBP136 from Bordetella pertussis represents an ancestral form of IncP-1beta plasmids without accessory mobile elements. | journal=Microbiology | year= 2006 | volume= 152 | issue= Pt 12 | pages= 3477-84 | pmid=17159199 | doi=10.1099/mic.0.29056-0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17159199  }} </ref>


Whooping Cough, or Pertussis, is an infection of the respiratory system and characterized by a “whooping” sound when the person breathes in. In the US it killed 5,000 to 10,000 people per year before a vaccine was available. Vaccination has transformed this and between 1985-88 less than 100 children died from pertussis. Worldwide in 2000, according to the WHO, around 39 million people were infected annually and about 297,000 died. A graph is available showing the dramatic effect of introducing [http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/whoopingcough/gen_info.htm vaccination in England].
===Structure===
 
*''B. pertussis'' is a [[Gram-negative]], [[Aerobic organism|aerobic]], non-spore forming [[coccobacillus]].
Whooping Cough occurs most with children under the age of one when they are immunized or children with faded immunity, normally around the age 11 through 18. The signs and symptoms are similar to a common cold: runny nose, sneezing, mild cough, and low-grade fever. After a spell, they might make a “whooping” sound when breathing in or vomit. Adults have milder symptoms, like prolonged coughing without the “whoop.” Pertussis is highly contagious and may become airborne when the person coughs, sneezes, or laughs. People infected by this disease are more contagious in the earliest stages of it, normally 2 weeks after the coughing begins. Whooping Cough can be prevented by the Pertussis Vaccine which is part of the DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular Pertussis) immunization. The paroxysmal cough precedes a crowing inspiratory sound characteristic of pertussis. (Infants less than 6 months may not have the typical whoop.) A coughing spell may last a minute or more, producing cyanosis, apnoea and seizures.
*Compared with ''Bordetella bronchiseptica'', ''B. pertussis'' is non-motile.
A prolonged cough may be irritating and sometimes a disabling cough may go undiagnosed in adults for many months.
*It contains an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a periplasmic space between the 2 membranes.<ref name="pmid11083787">{{cite journal| author=Harvill ET, Preston A, Cotter PA, Allen AG, Maskell DJ, Miller JF| title=Multiple roles for Bordetella lipopolysaccharide molecules during respiratory tract infection. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 2000 | volume= 68 | issue= 12 | pages= 6720-8 | pmid=11083787 | doi= | pmc=PMC97772 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11083787  }} </ref>
 
*The rough lipopolysaccharide on the outer membrane (also called lipooligosaccharide) contains a phosphate composition (containing lipid X) that is different from other bacterial lipopolysaccharides (containing lipid A). The ''B. pertussis'' outer membrane is thus a distinguishing feature of ''B. pertussis''.<ref name="pmid11083787">{{cite journal| author=Harvill ET, Preston A, Cotter PA, Allen AG, Maskell DJ, Miller JF| title=Multiple roles for Bordetella lipopolysaccharide molecules during respiratory tract infection. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 2000 | volume= 68 | issue= 12 | pages= 6720-8 | pmid=11083787 | doi= | pmc=PMC97772 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11083787  }} </ref>
''Bodetella pertussis'' also produces a lymphocytosis-promoting factor, which causes a decrease in the entry of lymphocytes into lymph nodes.  This can lead to a condition known as lymphocytosis, with a complete lymphocyte count over of 4000/μL in adults or over 8000/μL in children.
 
==Antimicrobial therapy==
 
:* 1. '''Whooping cough'''<ref>{{Cite web | title = Recommended Antimicrobial Agents for the Treatment and Postexposure Prophylaxis of Pertussis 2005 CDC Guidelines
| url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5414a1.htm#tab4}}</ref>  
::* 1.1 '''Adults'''
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Azithromycin]] 500 mg PO single dose on day 1 {{then}} 250 mg PO qd on 2-5 days
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Erythromycin]] 2 g/day PO qid for 14 days
:::* Preferred regimen (3): [[Clarithromycin]] 1 g PO bid for 7 days.
:::* Alternative regimen (intolerant of macrolides): [[Trimethoprim]] 320 mg/day {{and}} [[Sulfamethoxazole]] 1600 mg/day PO bid for 14 days
::* 1.2 '''Infants <6 months of age'''
:::* 1.2.1 '''Infants <1 month'''
::::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Azithromycin]] 10 mg/kg PO qd for 5 days
::::* Preferred regimen (2) (if azithromycin unavailable): [[Erythromycin]] 40-50 mg/kg/day PO q6h for 14 days
::::* Note: TMP-SMX contraindicated for infants aged < 2 months
:::* 1.2.2 '''Infants of 1-5 months of age'''
::::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Azithromycin]] 10 mg/kg PO qd for 5 days
::::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Erythromycin]] 40-50 mg/kg/day PO qid for 14 days
::::* Preferred regimen (3): [[Clarithromycin]] 15 mg/kg PO bid for 7 days
::::* Alternative regimen: For infants aged ≥ 2 months [[TMP]] 8 mg/kg q24h {{and}} [[Sulfamethoxazole|SMX]] 40 mg/kg/day PO bid for 14 days
::* 1.3 '''Infants ≥6 months of age-children'''
::::* Preferred regimen(1): [[Azithromycin]] 10 mg/kg single dose {{then}} 5 mg/kg (500 mg Maximum) qd for 2-5 days
::::* Preferred regimen(2): [[Erythromycin]] 40-50 mg/kg PO (2 g daily Maximum) qid for 14 days
::::* Preferred regimen(3): [[Clarithromycin]] 15 mg/kg PO (1 g daily Maximum) bid for 7 days
::::* Preferred regimen(4): [[TMP]] 8 mg/kg/day {{and}} [[Sulfamethoxazole|SMX]] 40 mg/kg/day bid for 14 days
:* 2. '''Post exposure prophylaxis'''<ref>{{Cite web | title = Recommended Antimicrobial Agents for the Treatment and Post exposure Prophylaxis of Pertussis 2005 CDC Guidelines
| url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5414a1.htm#tab4}}</ref>
::* Preferred regimen: The antibiotic regimens for post exposure prophylaxis are similar to the regimens used for the treatment of pertussis
::* Note (1):  Post exposure prophylaxis to an asymptomatic contacts within 21 days of onset of cough in the index patient can potentially prevent symptomatic infection
::* Note (2): Close contacts include persons who have direct contact with respiratory, oral or nasal secretions from a symptomatic patient (eg: cough, sneeze, sharing food, eating utensils, mouth to mouth resuscitation, or performing a medical examination of the mouth, nose, throat.
::* Note (3): Some close contacts are at high risk for acquiring severe disease following exposure to pertussis. These contacts include infants aged < 1 year , persons with some immunodeficiency conditions, or other underlying medical conditions such as chronic lung disease, respiratory insufficiency and cystic fibrosis.


==References==
==References==
* {{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 0-8385-8529-9 }}
{{reflist|2}}
 
{{refbegin}}
==External links==
* {{cite book |editor-last= Ray |editor-first=C.G. | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}
*[http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/pertussis/en/index1.html Pertussis] Information from the World Health Organisation
*{{cite web |url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/pertussis.html |title=''Bordetella pertussis'' and Whooping Cough |first=K. |last=Todar |year=2008 |work= Online Textbook of Bacteriology |accessdate=December 11, 2009}}
 
{{refend}}
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.chapter.1684 ''Bordetella'' chapter] in Baron's ''Medical Microbiology'' (online text at the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] bookshelf).
 
* [http://www.arupconsult.com/Topics/Infectious_Disease/Bacteria/Bordetella_pertussis.html ''Bordetella pertussis''] in ARUP Consult — The Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection and Interpretation
 
* [http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/whoopingcough/gen_info.htm Pertussis] United Kingdom Health Protection Agency.
 
[[Category:Burkholderiales]]
 
{{Proteobacteria-stub}}
 
[[ca:Bordetel·la pertússica]]
[[de:Bordetella pertussis]]
[[fr:Bordetella pertussis]]
[[nl:Bordetella pertussis]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}

Latest revision as of 23:15, 14 January 2016

This page is about microbiologic aspects of the organism(s).  For clinical aspects of the disease, see Pertussis.

Pertussis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Pertussis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Bordetella pertussis On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Bordetella pertussis

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Bordetella pertussis

CDC onBordetella pertussis

Bordetella pertussis in the news

Blogs on Bordetella pertussis

Directions to Hospitals Treating Type page name here

Risk calculators and risk factors for Bordetella pertussis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]; Yazan Daaboul, M.D.; Serge Korjian M.D.

Overview

Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming coccobacillus. It is the pathogen responsible for pertussis (whooping cough). Unlike B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis is not motile. Humans are the only known reservoir for B. pertussis. The lipopolysaccharide-containing outer membrane of B. pertussis is unique and contains a different phosphate composition from other bacterial outer membranes.

Bodetella pertussis

Higher Order Taxa

  • Kingdom: Bacteria
  • Phylum: Proteobacteria
  • Class: Betaproteobacteria
  • Order: Burkholderiales
  • Family: Alcaligenaceae
  • Genus: Bordetella
  • Species: B. pertussis

Genome

  • The genome of B. pertussis consists of 1 circular chromosome and plasmids.
  • The circular chromosome contains 3867 genes and 4,086,189 nucleotides.[1]
  • The IncP-1 beta plasmid pBP136 carries 46 ORFs and contains 41,268 bp nucleotides.[1]

Structure

  • B. pertussis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore forming coccobacillus.
  • Compared with Bordetella bronchiseptica, B. pertussis is non-motile.
  • It contains an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a periplasmic space between the 2 membranes.[2]
  • The rough lipopolysaccharide on the outer membrane (also called lipooligosaccharide) contains a phosphate composition (containing lipid X) that is different from other bacterial lipopolysaccharides (containing lipid A). The B. pertussis outer membrane is thus a distinguishing feature of B. pertussis.[2]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kamachi K, Sota M, Tamai Y, Nagata N, Konda T, Inoue T; et al. (2006). "Plasmid pBP136 from Bordetella pertussis represents an ancestral form of IncP-1beta plasmids without accessory mobile elements". Microbiology. 152 (Pt 12): 3477–84. doi:10.1099/mic.0.29056-0. PMID 17159199.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Harvill ET, Preston A, Cotter PA, Allen AG, Maskell DJ, Miller JF (2000). "Multiple roles for Bordetella lipopolysaccharide molecules during respiratory tract infection". Infect Immun. 68 (12): 6720–8. PMC 97772. PMID 11083787.
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Bordetella_pertussis&oldid=1202635"