Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and demographics
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Bacterial meningitis Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Worldwide, the bacterial meninigtis epidemics affects more than 400 million people living in the 26 countries of the extended "African meningitis belt" (from Senegal to Ethiopia). However, from 2010 to 2014 cases have been steadily decreasing, with approximately 24 000 cases in 2010 to 11 500 cases in 2014.[1] The annual incidence of bacterial meningitis is 4,100 cases and 500 deaths between the year 2003-2007 in USA.[2] The frequency of different causative agents causing bacterial meningitis varies with different age groups.The incidence of Hemophilius influenza meningitis is higher in children younger than 5 years of age, rate estimated to be 31 cases per 100,000.[3] The incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in very young and very old individuals is estimated to be 17 cases per 100,000 making it the most common cause of meningitis in this age group.[4]
Epidemiology
- Worldwide, the bacterial meninigtis epidemics affects more than 400 million people living in the 26 countries of the extended "African meningitis belt" (from Senegal to Ethiopia). However, from 2010 to 2014 cases have been steadily decreasing, with approximately 24 000 cases in 2010 to 11 500 cases in 2014.[1]
- There may be approximately 1.2 million cases of bacterial meningitis and 135,000 deaths that occur annually throughout the world.
- In USA, the annual incidence of bacterial meningitis is 4,100 cases and 500 deaths between the year 2003-2007.[2]
- In USA, the overall incidence of bacterial meningitis has decreased significantly since the emergence of vaccine against Hemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae.[5]
Demographics
Age
- The frequency of different causative agents causing bacterial meningitis varies with different age groups
- There is increased incidence of bacterial meningitis with increasing age
- In USA, the incidence rate is 0.66 cases per 100, 000 in age groups from 18 to 34 years compared to 1.92 cases per 100, 000 in age group >65 years of age.[5]
- The case fatality rate in USA in age group 18-34 years of age is 16.4 percent compared to 22.7 percent in individuals >65 years of age
- The incidence of Hemophilius influenza meningitis is higher in children younger than 5 years of age, rate estimated to be 31 cases per 100,000.[3]
- The incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in very young and very old individuals is estimated to be 17 cases per 100,000 making it the most common cause of meningitis in this age group.[4]
Race
There is no known racial predilection for bacterial meningitis. However, in USA, increased incidence of bacterial meningitis has been reported among African Americans compared to Hispanics and whites.
Geographical distribution
- The frequency of different bacterial causes of meningitis may vary in different parts of the world.[6]
- Meningococcal meningitis is commonest cause of meningitis epidemic in developing world. However, it is relatively uncommon cause of meningitis in USA and Europe.[7][8][9]
- In African countries the streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of high mortality rates due to bacterial meningitis.
- Streptococcus suis is the new emerging cause of bacterial meningitis in Asia.[10]
- In USA, the incidence of bacterial meningitis is estimated to be 1.33 cases per 100,000 each year. [5]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 http://www.who.int/gho/epidemic_diseases/meningitis/en/ Accessed on 5th Jan, 2017
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html, Accessed on 5th Jan, 2017
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Watt JP, Wolfson LJ, O'Brien KL, Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M, McCall N; et al. (2009). "Burden of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children younger than 5 years: global estimates". Lancet. 374 (9693): 903–11. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61203-4. PMID 19748399.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 O'Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP, Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M, McCall N; et al. (2009). "Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates". Lancet. 374 (9693): 893–902. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61204-6. PMID 19748398.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Thigpen MC, Whitney CG, Messonnier NE, Zell ER, Lynfield R, Hadler JL; et al. (2011). "Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1998-2007". N Engl J Med. 364 (21): 2016–25. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1005384. PMID 21612470.
- ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/lab-manual/chpt02-epi.html, Accessed on 5th Jan, 2017,
- ↑ Moore PS (1992). "Meningococcal meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa: a model for the epidemic process". Clin Infect Dis. 14 (2): 515–25. PMID 1554841.
- ↑ Harrison LH, Trotter CL, Ramsay ME (2009). "Global epidemiology of meningococcal disease". Vaccine. 27 Suppl 2: B51–63. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.063. PMID 19477562.
- ↑ Shao Z, Li W, Ren J, Liang X, Xu L, Diao B; et al. (2006). "Identification of a new Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C clone from Anhui province, China". Lancet. 367 (9508): 419–23. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68141-5. PMID 16458767.
- ↑ Wertheim HF, Nghia HD, Taylor W, Schultsz C (2009). "Streptococcus suis: an emerging human pathogen". Clin Infect Dis. 48 (5): 617–25. doi:10.1086/596763. PMID 19191650.