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Latest revision as of 20:31, 29 July 2020

To view the Urinary Tract Infections main page click here.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2], Abdurahman Khalil, M.D. [3], Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[4]

Overview

Urine is normally sterile. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is a condition in which a significant number of bacteria appear in the urine, without the presence of typical symptoms of a urinary tract infection. Presence of >10 leukocytes/mm³ is considered as pyuria but not asymptomatic bacteriuria unless the number exceeds ≥10⁵ colony forming units(cfu)/mL. There are two main pathogenesis that might be responsible for asymptomatic bacteriuria which include microbial virulence and host factors. Escherichia coli is the single most common cause of asymptomatic bacteriuria. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is more common in elderly and its prevalence increase with age. Asymptomatic bacteriuria has been slightly more common in black population. Asymptomatic bacteriuria has risk factors similar to symptomatic bacteriuria such as pregnancy, aging, diabetes mellitus, sexual intercourse, using diaphragm plus spermicide, BPH, renal stones, or patients with spinal cord injuries, hemodialysis, indwelling urethral catheters, genitourinary abnormalities. Screening for asymptomatic subjects is considered if bacteriuria is associated with preventable adverse outcomes such as symptomatic urinary infection, progression to chronic kidney disease or hypertension, development of urinary tract cancer, and decreased duration of survival. If left untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria normally cures on its own and active treatment is not required except in those who are pregnant, require renal transplantation or are supposed to undergo a urinary tract procedure. In patients who acquire asymptomatic bacteriuria early in their pregnancy, there is a minute chance of issues related to pregnancy like low birth weight etc or pyelonephritis. Most cases resolve postpartum. The diagnosis of bacteriuria in an asymptomatic individual is based on the culture results of urine collected in a manner that minimizes the possibility of contamination and limits the period between sampling and testing the specimen to avoid false positivity due to bacterial growth. Treatment is not required in otherwise healthy individuals unless it is associated with a urinary tract infection. Conditions that might require the asymptomatic bacteriuria to be treated are pregnancy, before transurethral prostatic resection, and renal transplant follow-up.

Historical Perspective

In 1950s, Kass et al. proposed a quantitative culture method for the microbiological diagnosis of urinary tract infections.^[1]
About 10⁵ bacteria per milliliter must be present in the urine specimen to be consistently read as positive, which is seen in 95% of samples from patients with pyelonephritis.^[2]^[3]

Classification

According to the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA), asymptomatic bacteriuria is defined as the presence of ≥10⁵ cfu/mL of bacteria in clean catch urine specimen of an asymptomatic person with respect to symptoms urinary tract infection. By definition, one positive sample is enough to confirm asymptomatic bacteriuria in men, whereas in women two consecutive samples with same organism are required to diagnose asymptomatic bacteriuria. In men or women who are catheterized and are asymptomatic, identification of ≥10² cfu/mL of a single organism in the catheterized specimen is defined as asymptomatic bacteriuria. The prevalence of bacteriuria is more in sexually active women (4.6%) as compared to sexually inactive women (0.7%) or men.

Pathophysiology

There are two main pathogenesis that might be responsible for asymptomatic bacteriuria which include microbial virulence and host factors.

Microbial Virulence

Symptomatic urinary tract infections require attachment, multiplication, and spread of bacteria in the urinary tract. Fimbriae are very helpful in attachment of the bacteria inside the urinary tract. It has been discovered that the pathogenic strains that have a decreased ability of making fimbriae, have a greater ability to multiply and thus are responsible for causing asymptomatic bacteriuria.^[4]

Asymptomatic bacteriuria may also be due to the decreased virulence of some strains that gather in the bladder but do not cause a symptomatic appearance. Some strains isolated from patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria in the setting of spinal cord injury have decreased capability of causing hemolysis.^[5]^[6]

Host Factors

Another possibility is the defective host response. A decreased expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 on the neutrophils in children with asymptomatic bacteriuria predisposes them to asymptomatic bacteriuria.^[7]^[8]

Causes

Most common organism

Escherichia coli is the single most common cause of asymptomatic bacteriuria.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]
Other causes of asymptomatic bacteriuria include:

Common Causes	Less Common Causes	GU abnormalities & Hospitalization	Long Term Catheterisation^[13]^[14]
Enterococcus^[15]	Chromobacterium violaceum^[16]	E.coli^[13]^[17]	Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterobacteriaceae^[18]	Staphylococci^[19]	Proteus mirabilis^[13]^[20]	P. mirabilis
Klebsiella^[21]	Gardnerella vaginalis^[22]^[23]		Providencia stuartii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa^[24]	Elizabethkingia meningoseptica^[25]		Morganella morganii
Group B Streptococcus^[26]^[27]

Differentiating Asymptomatic Bacteriuria From Other Diseases

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria must be differentiated from other diseases that might cause bacteriuria.^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]

To review differential diagnosis of pyuria, click here.

To review differential diagnosis of sterile pyuria, click here.

Category	Disease			Clinical manifestations									Para−clinical findings								Gold standard for diagnosis	Associated findings
				Symptoms							Physical examination		Para−clinical findings
				Symptoms							Physical examination		Lab Findings							Imaging
				Pain	Fever	N/V	Urinary symptoms				BP	Other	CBC	Electrolytes	Urinalysis
				Pain	Fever	N/V	Dysuria	Frequency	Urgency	Gross hematuria	BP	Other	CBC	Electrolytes	Cell	Cast	Bacteriuria	Culture	Other
Infectious diseases	UTI^[32]	Bacterial	Asymptomatic bacteriuria^[33]^[34]	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	Nl	−	Nl	Nl	±	−	+	−	NA	NA	Urinalysis	Increased risk in pregnancy Must be treated prior to an invasive urologic procedure
			Cystitis^[35]	−	−	−	+	+	+	−	Nl	−	Nl	Nl	+	−	+	+	Nitrite + Leukocyte esterase +	NA	Urinalysis	NA
			Pyelonephritis^[36]	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	Nl	−	Leukocytosis	Nl	+	WBC cast	+	+	Nitrite + Leukocyte esterase +	NA	Clinical manifestation + urinalysis	NA
		Prostatitis^[37]		Pelvic or perineal pain	+	+	+	+	+	−	Nl or ↑	Dribbling of urine Firm and tender prostate	Leukocytosis	Nl	+	−	±	+	Cloudy urine Positive gram stain	NA	Clinical manifestation + urinalysis	Increased risk of bacteremia, prostatic abscess, and metastatic infection Might be acute or chronic infection
	Balanitis^[38]			Penile pain	+	−	+	+	+	−	Nl	Pruritus Erythematous lesions on the glans and/or the foreskin	Nl	Nl	+	−	±	−	NA	NA	Clinical manifestation	Associated with reactive arthritis
Non−infectious diseases	Urinary tract disorders	Urinary catheterization^[39]		−	−	−	+	+	−	−	Nl	−	Leukocytosis ±	Nl	+	−	+	+	Leukocyte esterase ±	−	Clinical manifestation + urinalysis	Predicting UTI in children who required clean intermittent catheterization by routine urinalysis
Non−infectious diseases	Disease			Pain	Fever	N/V	Dysuria	Frequency	Urgency	Gross hematuria	BP	Other PE	CBC	Electrolytes	Cell	Cast	Bacteriuria	Culture	Other UA findings	Imaging	Gold standard for diagnosis	Associated findings

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalance

The prevalence of bacteriuria is more in sexually active women (4.6%) as compared to sexually inactive women (0.7%).^[40]
Asymptomatic bacteriuria has a prevalence of 8-14% in diabetic women.^[41]

Age

Asymptomatic bacteriuria is more common in elderly and its prevalence increase with age.^[42]^[43]
The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in women greater than 80 years old is >20%.^[44]^[45]
The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in men greater than 75 year old is 6-15%.^[46]
Asymptomatic bacteriuria is present in 3-5% of the women population between 38-60 years of age. It was identified in 5% of women in universities and 6% of women in groups related to health maintenance organisations.^[47]^[48]

Gender

Asymptomatic bacteriuria is more prevalent in females as compared to males.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria is rare among healthy men.^[49]^[50]

Race

Asymptomatic bacteriuria has been slightly more common in black population.^[51]

Risk Factors

Asymptomatic bacteriuria has risk factors similar to symptomatic bacteriuria. Some of these include:^[52]^[53]

General Risk Factors

Sexual intercourse
Use of diaphragm plus spermicide

Disease Conditions

BPH
Renal stones
Pregnancy^[54]
Elderly
Diabetes mellitus^[55]
Patients with spinal cord injuries^[56]^[57]
Patients undergoing hemodialysis^[58]
Patients with indwelling urethral catheters^[59]
Patients with genitourinary abnormalities^[59]^[60]

Screening

Screening for asymptomatic subjects is considered if bacteriuria is associated with preventable adverse outcomes such as symptomatic urinary infection, progression to chronic kidney disease or hypertension, development of urinary tract cancer, and decreased duration of survival.^[61]

Individuals requiring screening

The following should be screened for asymptomatic bacteriuria:^[62]^[63]

Pregnant
Requiring urologic procedures like transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
Post renal transplant

Catheter Associated Asymptomatic Bacteriuria

It is not recommended to screen for or treat asymptomatic bacteriuria or fungiuria for short or long term catheters, exceptions are catheterized pregnant women and women with persistent bacteriuria 48 hours after removal of the urethral catheter. Prophylaxis can also be used also with patients undergoing urological procedures.^[64]^[65]

No benefit of therapy of asymptomatic bacteriuria due to similar recurrence rates with more resistance to antibiotics.^[66]^[67]
Significant improvement has been shown with women treated for bacteriuria that existed 48 hours after removal of indwelling urethral catheters.^[68]

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

If left untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria normally cures on its own and active treatment is not required except in those who are pregnant, require renal transplantation or are supposed to undergo a urinary tract procedure. Asymptomatic bacteriuria should also be treated in the presence of a structural defect of the urinary tract.^[63]
In patients who acquire asymptomatic bacteriuria early in their pregnancy, there is a minute chance of issues related to pregnancy like low birth weight etc or pyelonephritis. Most cases resolve postpartum.^[69]

Complications

Asymptomatic bacteriuria rarely leads to complications. These may include:

Symptomatic UTI^[70]
Complications in pregnancy such as:
- Preterm birth^[71]
- Low birth weight^[72]^[73]
- Pyelonephritis later in pregnancy^[74]

Prognosis

Asymptomatic bacteriuria has a good prognosis and completely resolves with treatment.^[75]

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

The diagnosis of bacteriuria in an asymptomatic individual is based on the culture results of urine collected in a manner that minimizes the possibility of contamination and limits the period between sampling and testing the specimen to avoid false positivity due to bacterial growth.

The quantitative definition for significant bacteriuria is:^[76]

For asymptomatic women, bacteriuria is defined as 2 consecutive voided urine specimens with isolation of the same bacterial strain in quantitative counts of ≥10⁵ CFU/mL.

A single, clean-catch, voided urine specimen with 1 bacterial species isolated in a quantitative count of ≥10⁵ CFU/mL identifies bacteriuria in asymptomatic men.

A single catheterized urine specimen with 1 bacterial species isolated in a quantitative count of ≥10² CFU/mL identifies bacteriuria in women or men.

History and Symptoms

Patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria are asymptomatic.

Physical Examination

Patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria appear completely normal.

Laboratory Findings

Urinalysis
- Urinalysis along with microscopic examination of the sample is useful in identifying bacteriuria.
- Pyuria can also be identified on urinalysis.^[77]
- Pyuria is defined as increased numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the urine and is evidence of an inflammatory response in the urinary tract.^[78] An operational definition of pyuria is the presence of ≥10 leukocytes per 400x microscopic field in the sediment of first-void urine. Although pyuria is prevalent among people with asymptomatic bacteriuria, its presence or degree has not been shown to correlate with the prognosis and should not affect clinical decisions about antibiotics.^[79]^[80]^[81]^[56]^[82]^[83]^[84]^[85]
Urine culture
- Urine culture is done to confirm the presence of the causative bacterial species and to see if it meets the criteria for asymptomatic bacteriuria i.e ≥10⁵ CFU/mL.^[86]

Electrocardiogram

There are no ECG findings associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria.

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria.

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria.

CT scan

There are no CT scan findings associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria.

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria.

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria.

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Treatment is not required in otherwise healthy individuals unless it is associated with a urinary tract infection. Some other conditions that might require the asymptomatic bacteriuria to be treated are:^[87]^[88]^[89]^[63]^[90]^[91]

Pregnancy
Requiring urinary tract procedure e.g transurethral prostatic resection
Renal transplant follow-up

Asymptomatic bacteriuria treatment

1. Empiric antimicrobial therapy

Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria is not recommended for the following persons:

Premenopausal, nonpregnant women
Diabetic women
Older persons residing in the community
Elderly, institutionalized subjects
Persons with spinal cord injury
Catheterized patients while the catheter remains in situ
Note (1): Pyuria accompanying asymptomatic bacteriuria is not indicated for antibiotic therapy.

2. Specific considerations

2.1 Women, pregnant

Preferred regimen (1): Nitrofurantoin 100 mg PO bid for 3–5 days (avoid in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency)^[92]
Preferred regimen (2): Amoxicillin 500 mg PO tid for 3–5 days
Preferred regimen (3): Amoxicillin-Clavulanate 500 mg PO bid for 3–5 days
Preferred regimen (4): Cephalexin 500 mg PO tid for 3–5 days
Preferred regimen (5): Fosfomycin 3 g PO single dose
Preferred regimen (6): Trimethoprim 200 mg PO bid for 3–5 days (only after first trimester)
Note (1): Pregnant women should be screened for bacteriuria by urine culture at least once in early pregnancy, and they should be treated if the results are positive.
Note (2): Periodic screening for recurrent bacteriuria should be undertaken after therapy.
Note (3): Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) guidelines recommend 3–7 days of antibiotic therapy.

2.2 Patients with indwelling urethral catheters

Screening for or treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients with indwelling urethral catheters is not recommended.
Note (1): Antimicrobial treatment of asymptomatic women with catheter-acquired bacteriuria that persists 48 hours after catheter removal may be considered.

2.3 Urologic interventions

Screening for or treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria before transurethral resection of the prostate is recommended.^[93]
Preferred regimen (1): Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole DS 1 tab PO bid for 3 days after obtaining urine culture

2.4 Renal transplant

Screening for or treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria after a renal transplant is recommended.^[94]^[95]^[96]

2.5 Catheter Associated Asymptomatic Bacteriuria

Preferred regimen (1): Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole DS 1 tab PO bid for 3 days

Followup

A large proportion of women with asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy have a recurrence after a short duration of therapy and for this reason a followup is done one week after completing the therapy and then monthly until the birth due to a higher chance of recurrence.^[97]

Surgery

Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of asymptomatic bacteriuria.

Primary Prevention

Primary preventive measure for asymptomatic bacteriuria include:^[98]^[99]

Proper glycemic control
Safe sexual practice
Adequate hydration

Secondary Prevention

Secondary preventive measures for asymptomatic bacteriuria include:

Prophylactic antibiotics

References

↑ KASS, EH. (1956). "Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract". Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 69: 56–64. PMID 13380946.
↑ KASS, EH. (1957). "Bacteriuria and the diagnosis of infections of the urinary tract; with observations on the use of methionine as a urinary antiseptic". AMA Arch Intern Med. 100 (5): 709–14. PMID 13468815. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ E. H. KASS (1962). "Pyelonephritis and bacteriuria. A major problem in preventive medicine". Annals of internal medicine. 56: 46–53. PMID 14454174. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Viktoria Roos, Eva M. Nielsen & Per Klemm (2006). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria Escherichia coli strains: adhesins, growth and competition". FEMS microbiology letters. 262 (1): 22–30. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00355.x. PMID 16907735. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ R. A. Hull, D. C. Rudy, I. E. Wieser & W. H. Donovan (1998). "Virulence factors of Escherichia coli isolates from patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria and neuropathic bladders due to spinal cord and brain injuries". Journal of clinical microbiology. 36 (1): 115–117. PMID 9431932. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ R. A. Hull, D. C. Rudy, W. H. Donovan, I. E. Wieser, C. Stewart & R. O. Darouiche (1999). "Virulence properties of Escherichia coli 83972, a prototype strain associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria". Infection and immunity. 67 (1): 429–432. PMID 9864249. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Bryndis Ragnarsdottir, Martin Samuelsson, Mattias C. U. Gustafsson, Irene Leijonhufvud, Diana Karpman & Catharina Svanborg (2007). "Reduced toll-like receptor 4 expression in children with asymptomatic bacteriuria". The Journal of infectious diseases. 196 (3): 475–484. doi:10.1086/518893. PMID 17597463. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Hans Fischer, Masahiro Yamamoto, Shizuo Akira, Bruce Beutler & Catharina Svanborg (2006). "Mechanism of pathogen-specific TLR4 activation in the mucosa: fimbriae, recognition receptors and adaptor protein selection". European journal of immunology. 36 (2): 267–277. doi:10.1002/eji.200535149. PMID 16385628. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Evans DA, Williams DN, Laughlin LW, Miao L, Warren JW, Hennekens CH; et al. (1978). "Bacteriuria in a population-based cohort of women". J Infect Dis. 138 (6): 768–73. PMID 368263‎ Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ Kunin CM, McCormack RC (1968). "An epidemiologic study of bacteriuria and blood pressure among nuns and working women". N Engl J Med. 278 (12): 635–42. doi:10.1056/NEJM196803212781201. PMID 4866351.
↑ Bengtsson C, Bengtsson U, Björkelund C, Lincoln K, Sigurdsson JA (1998). "Bacteriuria in a population sample of women: 24-year follow-up study. Results from the prospective population-based study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden". Scand J Urol Nephrol. 32 (4): 284–9. PMID 9764457.
↑ Joseph Ayodeji Olamijulo, Chris Olu Adewale & Olalekan Olaleye (2016). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria among antenatal women in Lagos". Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 36 (6): 722–725. doi:10.3109/01443615.2016.1148675. PMID 26960990. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Nicolle LE (1997). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 11 (3): 647–62. PMID 9378928.
↑ Warren JW, Tenney JH, Hoopes JM, Muncie HL, Anthony WC (1982). "A prospective microbiologic study of bacteriuria in patients with chronic indwelling urethral catheters". J Infect Dis. 146 (6): 719–23. PMID 6815281.
↑ A.-K. Labi, A. E. Yawson, G. Y. Ganyaglo & M. J. Newman (2015). "Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Ante-Natal Clients in a Large Teaching Hospital in Ghana". Ghana medical journal. 49 (3): 154–158. PMID 26693190. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Narayan Dutt Pant, Manisha Sharma & Saroj Khatiwada (2015). "Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Caused by Chromobacterium violaceum in an Immunocompetent Adult". Case reports in medicine. 2015: 652036. doi:10.1155/2015/652036. PMID 26504464.
↑ Joseph Ayodeji Olamijulo, Chris Olu Adewale & Olalekan Olaleye (2016). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria among antenatal women in Lagos". Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 36 (6): 722–725. doi:10.3109/01443615.2016.1148675. PMID 26960990. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ A.-K. Labi, A. E. Yawson, G. Y. Ganyaglo & M. J. Newman (2015). "Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Ante-Natal Clients in a Large Teaching Hospital in Ghana". Ghana medical journal. 49 (3): 154–158. PMID 26693190. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ A. P. Roberts & R. Phillips (1979). "Bacteria causing symptomatic urinary tract infection or asymptomatic bacteriuria". Journal of clinical pathology. 32 (5): 492–496. PMID 381327. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Joseph Ayodeji Olamijulo, Chris Olu Adewale & Olalekan Olaleye (2016). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria among antenatal women in Lagos". Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 36 (6): 722–725. doi:10.3109/01443615.2016.1148675. PMID 26960990. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Joseph Ayodeji Olamijulo, Chris Olu Adewale & Olalekan Olaleye (2016). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria among antenatal women in Lagos". Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 36 (6): 722–725. doi:10.3109/01443615.2016.1148675. PMID 26960990. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Lipsky BA, Inui TS, Plorde JJ, Berger RE (1984). "Is the clean-catch midstream void procedure necessary for obtaining urine culture specimens from men?". Am J Med. 76 (2): 257–62. PMID 6695949.
↑ Mims AD, Norman DC, Yamamura RH, Yoshikawa TT (1990). "Clinically inapparent (asymptomatic) bacteriuria in ambulatory elderly men: epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological findings". J Am Geriatr Soc. 38 (11): 1209–14. PMID 2246458.
↑ Richard Colgan, Lindsay E. Nicolle, Andrew McGlone & Thomas M. Hooton (2006). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults". American family physician. 74 (6): 985–990. PMID 17002033. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Zhiyong Zong (2014). "Elizabethkingia meningoseptica as an unusual pathogen causing healthcare-associated bacteriuria". Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 53 (16): 1877–1879. PMID 25130129.
↑ Richard Colgan, Lindsay E. Nicolle, Andrew McGlone & Thomas M. Hooton (2006). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults". American family physician. 74 (6): 985–990. PMID 17002033. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Narayan Dutt Pant, Manisha Sharma & Saroj Khatiwada (2015). "Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Caused by Chromobacterium violaceum in an Immunocompetent Adult". Case reports in medicine. 2015: 652036. doi:10.1155/2015/652036. PMID 26504464.
↑ Wise, Gilbert J.; Longo, Dan L.; Schlegel, Peter N. (2015). "Sterile Pyuria". New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (11): 1048–1054. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1410052. ISSN 0028-4793.
↑ Stamm, Walter E. (1983). "Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria". The American Journal of Medicine. 75 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)90073-6. ISSN 0002-9343.
↑ Groah, Suzanne; Perez-Losada, Marcos; Caldovic, Ljubica; Ljungberg, Inger; Sprague, Bruce; Castro-Nallar, Eduardo; Shah, Neel; Hsieh, Michael; Pohl, Hans (2015). "MP20-08 PYURIA AND ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH NOVEL AND SPECIFIC URINE MICROBIOMES". The Journal of Urology. 193 (4): e226. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.980. ISSN 0022-5347.
↑ Shaikh, N.; Shope, T. R.; Hoberman, A.; Vigliotti, A.; Kurs-Lasky, M.; Martin, J. M. (2016). "Association Between Uropathogen and Pyuria". PEDIATRICS. 138 (1): e20160087–e20160087. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0087. ISSN 0031-4005.
↑ Neal DE (February 2008). "Complicated urinary tract infections". Urol. Clin. North Am. 35 (1): 13–22, v. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.010. PMID 18061020.
↑ Nicolle, Lindsay E. (2014). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 27 (1): 90–96. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000019. ISSN 0951-7375.
↑ Nicolle, Lindsay E. (2015). "Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Bacterial Interference". Microbiology Spectrum. 3 (5). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0001-2012. ISSN 2165-0497.
↑ Sabih A, Leslie SW. PMID 28613784. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Pietrucha-Dilanchian P, Hooton TM (December 2016). "Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection". Microbiol Spectr. 4 (6). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0021-2015. PMID 28087935.
↑ Wagenlehner FM, Pilatz A, Bschleipfer T, Diemer T, Linn T, Meinhardt A, Schagdarsurengin U, Dansranjavin T, Schuppe HC, Weidner W (August 2013). "Bacterial prostatitis". World J Urol. 31 (4): 711–6. doi:10.1007/s00345-013-1055-x. PMID 23519458.
↑ Hsu CY, Lin CL, Kao CH (May 2015). "Balanitis is a risk factor for herpes zoster". Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 34 (5): 985–90. doi:10.1007/s10096-015-2314-0. PMID 25596845.
↑ Forster, C.S.; Haslam, D.B.; Jackson, E.; Goldstein, S.L. (2017). "Utility of a routine urinalysis in children who require clean intermittent catheterization". Journal of Pediatric Urology. 13 (5): 488.e1–488.e5. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.01.016. ISSN 1477-5131.
↑ C. M. Kunin & R. C. McCormack (1968). "An epidemiologic study of bacteriuria and blood pressure among nuns and working women". The New England journal of medicine. 278 (12): 635–642. doi:10.1056/NEJM196803212781201. PMID 4866351. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ G. G. Zhanel, L. E. Nicolle & G. K. Harding (1995). "Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and associated host factors in women with diabetes mellitus. The Manitoba Diabetic Urinary Infection Study Group". Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 21 (2): 316–322. PMID 8562738. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Lindsay E. Nicolle (2003). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria: when to screen and when to treat". Infectious disease clinics of North America. 17 (2): 367–394. PMID 12848475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Lindsay E. Nicolle (2003). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria: when to screen and when to treat". Infectious disease clinics of North America. 17 (2): 367–394. PMID 12848475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ T. M. Hooton, D. Scholes, A. E. Stapleton, P. L. Roberts, C. Winter, K. Gupta, M. Samadpour & W. E. Stamm (2000). "A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women". The New England journal of medicine. 343 (14): 992–997. doi:10.1056/NEJM200010053431402. PMID 11018165. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Lindsay E. Nicolle (2015). "Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Bacterial Interference". Microbiology spectrum. 3 (5). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0001-2012. PMID 26542046. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Lindsay E. Nicolle (2003). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria: when to screen and when to treat". Infectious disease clinics of North America. 17 (2): 367–394. PMID 12848475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ C. Bengtsson, U. Bengtsson, C. Bjorkelund, K. Lincoln & J. A. Sigurdsson (1998). "Bacteriuria in a population sample of women: 24-year follow-up study. Results from the prospective population-based study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden". Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology. 32 (4): 284–289. PMID 9764457. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ T. M. Hooton, D. Scholes, A. E. Stapleton, P. L. Roberts, C. Winter, K. Gupta, M. Samadpour & W. E. Stamm (2000). "A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women". The New England journal of medicine. 343 (14): 992–997. doi:10.1056/NEJM200010053431402. PMID 11018165. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ C. M. Kunin & R. C. McCormack (1968). "An epidemiologic study of bacteriuria and blood pressure among nuns and working women". The New England journal of medicine. 278 (12): 635–642. doi:10.1056/NEJM196803212781201. PMID 4866351. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ B. A. Lipsky (1989). "Urinary tract infections in men. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment". Annals of internal medicine. 110 (2): 138–150. PMID 2462391. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ R. Mittendorf, M. A. Williams & E. H. Kass (1992). "Prevention of preterm delivery and low birth weight associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria". Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 14 (4): 927–932. PMID 1533541. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ T. M. Hooton, D. Scholes, A. E. Stapleton, P. L. Roberts, C. Winter, K. Gupta, M. Samadpour & W. E. Stamm (2000). "A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women". The New England journal of medicine. 343 (14): 992–997. doi:10.1056/NEJM200010053431402. PMID 11018165. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Konstanze Angelescu, Barbara Nussbaumer-Streit, Wiebke Sieben, Fulop Scheibler & Gerald Gartlehner (2016). "Benefits and harms of screening for and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a systematic review". BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 16 (1): 336. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1128-0. PMID 27806709. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Nicolle, LE. (2003). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria: when to screen and when to treat". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 17 (2): 367–94. PMID 12848475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Zhanel, GG.; Harding, GK.; Nicolle, LE. "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients with diabetes mellitus". Rev Infect Dis. 13 (1): 150–4. PMID 2017615.
↑ ^56.0 ^56.1 Nicolle, LE. (1997). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 11 (3): 647–62. PMID 9378928. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Waites, KB.; Canupp, KC.; DeVivo, MJ. (1993). "Epidemiology and risk factors for urinary tract infection following spinal cord injury". Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 74 (7): 691–5. PMID 8328888. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Bakke, A.; Digranes, A. (1991). "Bacteriuria in patients treated with clean intermittent catheterization". Scand J Infect Dis. 23 (5): 577–82. PMID 1767253.
↑ ^59.0 ^59.1 Chaudhry, A.; Stone, WJ.; Breyer, JA. (1993). "Occurrence of pyuria and bacteriuria in asymptomatic hemodialysis patients". Am J Kidney Dis. 21 (2): 180–3. PMID 8430679. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Lindsay E. Nicolle (2003). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria: when to screen and when to treat". Infectious disease clinics of North America. 17 (2): 367–394. PMID 12848475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, Rice JC, Schaeffer A, Hooton TM; et al. (2005). "Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults". Clin Infect Dis. 40 (5): 643–54. doi:10.1086/427507. PMID 15714408.
↑ Kenneth Lin & Kevin Fajardo (2008). "Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement". Annals of internal medicine. 149 (1): W20–W24. PMID 18591632. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^63.0 ^63.1 ^63.2 USPSTF https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/asymptomatic-bacteriuria-in-adults-screening?ds=1&s=asymptomatic%20bacteriuria Accessed on Feb 3, 2017
↑ Nicolle, LE.; Bradley, S.; Colgan, R.; Rice, JC.; Schaeffer, A.; Hooton, TM. (2005). "Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults". Clin Infect Dis. 40 (5): 643–54. doi:10.1086/427507. PMID 15714408. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Sobel, JD.; Kauffman, CA.; McKinsey, D.; Zervos, M.; Vazquez, JA.; Karchmer, AW.; Lee, J.; Thomas, C.; Panzer, H. (2000). "Candiduria: a randomized, double-blind study of treatment with fluconazole and placebo. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Mycoses Study Group". Clin Infect Dis. 30 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1086/313580. PMID 10619727. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Warren, JW.; Anthony, WC.; Hoopes, JM.; Muncie, HL. (1982). "Cephalexin for susceptible bacteriuria in afebrile, long-term catheterized patients". JAMA. 248 (4): 454–8. PMID 7045440. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Alling, B.; Brandberg, A.; Seeberg, S.; Svanborg, A. (1975). "Effect of consecutive antibacterial therapy on bacteriuria in hospitalized geriatric patients". Scand J Infect Dis. 7 (3): 201–7. PMID 809837.
↑ Harding, GK.; Nicolle, LE.; Ronald, AR.; Preiksaitis, JK.; Forward, KR.; Low, DE.; Cheang, M. (1991). "How long should catheter-acquired urinary tract infection in women be treated? A randomized controlled study". Ann Intern Med. 114 (9): 713–9. PMID 2012351. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Kenneth Lin & Kevin Fajardo (2008). "Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement". Annals of internal medicine. 149 (1): W20–W24. PMID 18591632. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Anca Zalmanovici Trestioreanu, Adi Lador, May-Tal Sauerbrun-Cutler & Leonard Leibovici (2015). "Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 4: CD009534. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009534.pub2. PMID 25851268. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ R. Romero, E. Oyarzun, M. Mazor, M. Sirtori, J. C. Hobbins & M. Bracken (1989). "Meta-analysis of the relationship between asymptomatic bacteriuria and preterm delivery/low birth weight". Obstetrics and gynecology. 73 (4): 576–582. PMID 2927852. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ F. Smaill & J. C. Vazquez (2007). "Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2): CD000490. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000490.pub2. PMID 17443502. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Kenneth Lin & Kevin Fajardo (2008). "Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement". Annals of internal medicine. 149 (1): W20–W24. PMID 18591632. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Lindsay E. Nicolle (2015). "Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Bacterial Interference". Microbiology spectrum. 3 (5). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0001-2012. PMID 26542046. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Fiona M. Smaill & Juan C. Vazquez (2015). "Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (8): CD000490. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000490.pub3. PMID 26252501. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Rubin RH, Shapiro ED, Andriole VT, Davis RJ, Stamm WE (1992). "Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of urinary tract infection. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration". Clin Infect Dis. 15 Suppl 1: S216–27. PMID 1477233.
↑ Richard Colgan, Lindsay E. Nicolle, Andrew McGlone & Thomas M. Hooton (2006). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults". American family physician. 74 (6): 985–990. PMID 17002033. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Stamm, WE. (1983). "Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria". Am J Med. 75 (1B): 53–8. PMID 6349345. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Nicolle, LE.; Duckworth, H.; Brunka, J.; Urias, B.; Kennedy, J.; Murray, D.; Harding, GK. (1998). "Urinary antibody level and survival in bacteriuric institutionalized older subjects". J Am Geriatr Soc. 46 (8): 947–53. PMID 9706881. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Harding, GK.; Zhanel, GG.; Nicolle, LE.; Cheang, M. (2002). "Antimicrobial treatment in diabetic women with asymptomatic bacteriuria". N Engl J Med. 347 (20): 1576–83. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021042. PMID 12432044. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Darouiche, RO.; Cadle, RM.; Zenon, GJ.; Markowski, J.; Rodriguez, M.; Musher, DM. (1993). "Progression from asymptomatic to symptomatic urinary tract infection in patients with SCI: a preliminary study". J Am Paraplegia Soc. 16 (4): 219–24. PMID 8270918. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Zhanel, GG.; Nicolle, LE.; Harding, GK. (1995). "Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and associated host factors in women with diabetes mellitus. The Manitoba Diabetic Urinary Infection Study Group". Clin Infect Dis. 21 (2): 316–22. PMID 8562738. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Bachman, JW.; Heise, RH.; Naessens, JM.; Timmerman, MG. (1993). "A study of various tests to detect asymptomatic urinary tract infections in an obstetric population". JAMA. 270 (16): 1971–4. PMID 8411555. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ KINCAID-SMITH, P.; BULLEN, M. (1965). "BACTERIURIA IN PREGNANCY". Lancet. 1 (7382): 395–9. PMID 14238090. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Hooton, TM.; Scholes, D.; Stapleton, AE.; Roberts, PL.; Winter, C.; Gupta, K.; Samadpour, M.; Stamm, WE. (2000). "A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women". N Engl J Med. 343 (14): 992–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM200010053431402. PMID 11018165. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ T. M. Hooton, D. Scholes, A. E. Stapleton, P. L. Roberts, C. Winter, K. Gupta, M. Samadpour & W. E. Stamm (2000). "A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women". The New England journal of medicine. 343 (14): 992–997. doi:10.1056/NEJM200010053431402. PMID 11018165. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Lindsay E. Nicolle, Suzanne Bradley, Richard Colgan, James C. Rice, Anthony Schaeffer & Thomas M. Hooton (2005). "Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults". Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 40 (5): 643–654. doi:10.1086/427507. PMID 15714408. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Kenneth Lin & Kevin Fajardo (2008). "Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement". Annals of internal medicine. 149 (1): W20–W24. PMID 18591632. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Andree Leduc (2014). "Reducing the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in seniors in a long-term care facility". The Canadian nurse. 110 (7): 25–30. PMID 25920165. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Nicolle, Lindsay E.; Bradley, Suzanne; Colgan, Richard; Rice, James C.; Schaeffer, Anthony; Hooton, Thomas M.; Infectious Diseases Society of America; American Society of Nephrology; American Geriatric Society (2005-03-01). "Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 40 (5): 643–654. doi:10.1086/427507. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 15714408.
↑ "Guidelines on Urological Infections".
↑ "Guidelines on Urological Infections".
↑ Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
↑ D. ALEKSANDROW, W. WYSZNACKA, H. CHLEBUS, S. FILIPECKI, A. MICHAJLIK & M. RYCEROWA (1959). "[Remote results of the treatment of pyelonephritis]". Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej. 29: 503–509. PMID 13792521.
↑ John R. Lee, Heejung Bang, Darshana Dadhania, Choli Hartono, Meredith J. Aull, Michael Satlin, Phyllis August, Manikkam Suthanthiran & Thangamani Muthukumar (2013). "Independent risk factors for urinary tract infection and for subsequent bacteremia or acute cellular rejection: a single-center report of 1166 kidney allograft recipients". Transplantation. 96 (8): 732–738. doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e3182a04997. PMID 23917724. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Ella J. Ariza-Heredia, Elena N. Beam, Timothy G. Lesnick, Fernando G. Cosio, Walter K. Kremers & Raymund R. Razonable (2014). "Impact of urinary tract infection on allograft function after kidney transplantation". Clinical transplantation. 28 (6): 683–690. doi:10.1111/ctr.12366. PMID 24654771. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ T. F. Patterson & V. T. Andriole (1997). "Detection, significance, and therapy of bacteriuria in pregnancy. Update in the managed health care era". Infectious disease clinics of North America. 11 (3): 593–608. PMID 9378925. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Kenneth Lin & Kevin Fajardo (2008). "Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement". Annals of internal medicine. 149 (1): W20–W24. PMID 18591632. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ H. H. Meyhoff, J. Nordling, P. A. Gammelgaard & R. Vejlsgaard (1981). "Does antibacterial ointment applied to urethral meatus in women prevent recurrent cystitis?". Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology. 15 (2): 81–83. PMID 7036332.

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[41] G. G. Zhanel, L. E. Nicolle & G. K. Harding (1995). "Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and associated host factors in women with diabetes mellitus. The Manitoba Diabetic Urinary Infection Study Group". Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 21 (2): 316–322. PMID 8562738. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[42] Lindsay E. Nicolle (2003). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria: when to screen and when to treat". Infectious disease clinics of North America. 17 (2): 367–394. PMID 12848475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[43] Lindsay E. Nicolle (2003). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria: when to screen and when to treat". Infectious disease clinics of North America. 17 (2): 367–394. PMID 12848475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[44] T. M. Hooton, D. Scholes, A. E. Stapleton, P. L. Roberts, C. Winter, K. Gupta, M. Samadpour & W. E. Stamm (2000). "A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women". The New England journal of medicine. 343 (14): 992–997. doi:10.1056/NEJM200010053431402. PMID 11018165. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[45] Lindsay E. Nicolle (2015). "Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Bacterial Interference". Microbiology spectrum. 3 (5). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0001-2012. PMID 26542046. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[46] Lindsay E. Nicolle (2003). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria: when to screen and when to treat". Infectious disease clinics of North America. 17 (2): 367–394. PMID 12848475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[47] C. Bengtsson, U. Bengtsson, C. Bjorkelund, K. Lincoln & J. A. Sigurdsson (1998). "Bacteriuria in a population sample of women: 24-year follow-up study. Results from the prospective population-based study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden". Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology. 32 (4): 284–289. PMID 9764457. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[48] T. M. Hooton, D. Scholes, A. E. Stapleton, P. L. Roberts, C. Winter, K. Gupta, M. Samadpour & W. E. Stamm (2000). "A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women". The New England journal of medicine. 343 (14): 992–997. doi:10.1056/NEJM200010053431402. PMID 11018165. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[49] C. M. Kunin & R. C. McCormack (1968). "An epidemiologic study of bacteriuria and blood pressure among nuns and working women". The New England journal of medicine. 278 (12): 635–642. doi:10.1056/NEJM196803212781201. PMID 4866351. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[50] B. A. Lipsky (1989). "Urinary tract infections in men. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment". Annals of internal medicine. 110 (2): 138–150. PMID 2462391. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[51] R. Mittendorf, M. A. Williams & E. H. Kass (1992). "Prevention of preterm delivery and low birth weight associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria". Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 14 (4): 927–932. PMID 1533541. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[52] T. M. Hooton, D. Scholes, A. E. Stapleton, P. L. Roberts, C. Winter, K. Gupta, M. Samadpour & W. E. Stamm (2000). "A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women". The New England journal of medicine. 343 (14): 992–997. doi:10.1056/NEJM200010053431402. PMID 11018165. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[53] Konstanze Angelescu, Barbara Nussbaumer-Streit, Wiebke Sieben, Fulop Scheibler & Gerald Gartlehner (2016). "Benefits and harms of screening for and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a systematic review". BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 16 (1): 336. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1128-0. PMID 27806709. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Nicolle-2003-54] Nicolle, LE. (2003). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria: when to screen and when to treat". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 17 (2): 367–94. PMID 12848475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Zhanel--55] Zhanel, GG.; Harding, GK.; Nicolle, LE. "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients with diabetes mellitus". Rev Infect Dis. 13 (1): 150–4. PMID 2017615.

[Nicolle-1997-56] 56.0 ^56.1 Nicolle, LE. (1997). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 11 (3): 647–62. PMID 9378928. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Waites-1993-57] Waites, KB.; Canupp, KC.; DeVivo, MJ. (1993). "Epidemiology and risk factors for urinary tract infection following spinal cord injury". Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 74 (7): 691–5. PMID 8328888. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Bakke-1991-58] Bakke, A.; Digranes, A. (1991). "Bacteriuria in patients treated with clean intermittent catheterization". Scand J Infect Dis. 23 (5): 577–82. PMID 1767253.

[Chaudhry-1993-59] 59.0 ^59.1 Chaudhry, A.; Stone, WJ.; Breyer, JA. (1993). "Occurrence of pyuria and bacteriuria in asymptomatic hemodialysis patients". Am J Kidney Dis. 21 (2): 180–3. PMID 8430679. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[60] Lindsay E. Nicolle (2003). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria: when to screen and when to treat". Infectious disease clinics of North America. 17 (2): 367–394. PMID 12848475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid15714408-61] Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, Rice JC, Schaeffer A, Hooton TM; et al. (2005). "Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults". Clin Infect Dis. 40 (5): 643–54. doi:10.1086/427507. PMID 15714408.

[62] Kenneth Lin & Kevin Fajardo (2008). "Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement". Annals of internal medicine. 149 (1): W20–W24. PMID 18591632. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Asymptomatic_bacteriuria-63] 63.0 ^63.1 ^63.2 USPSTF https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/asymptomatic-bacteriuria-in-adults-screening?ds=1&s=asymptomatic%20bacteriuria Accessed on Feb 3, 2017

[Nicolle-2005-64] Nicolle, LE.; Bradley, S.; Colgan, R.; Rice, JC.; Schaeffer, A.; Hooton, TM. (2005). "Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults". Clin Infect Dis. 40 (5): 643–54. doi:10.1086/427507. PMID 15714408. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Sobel-2000-65] Sobel, JD.; Kauffman, CA.; McKinsey, D.; Zervos, M.; Vazquez, JA.; Karchmer, AW.; Lee, J.; Thomas, C.; Panzer, H. (2000). "Candiduria: a randomized, double-blind study of treatment with fluconazole and placebo. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Mycoses Study Group". Clin Infect Dis. 30 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1086/313580. PMID 10619727. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Warren-1982-66] Warren, JW.; Anthony, WC.; Hoopes, JM.; Muncie, HL. (1982). "Cephalexin for susceptible bacteriuria in afebrile, long-term catheterized patients". JAMA. 248 (4): 454–8. PMID 7045440. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Alling-1975-67] Alling, B.; Brandberg, A.; Seeberg, S.; Svanborg, A. (1975). "Effect of consecutive antibacterial therapy on bacteriuria in hospitalized geriatric patients". Scand J Infect Dis. 7 (3): 201–7. PMID 809837.

[Harding-1991-68] Harding, GK.; Nicolle, LE.; Ronald, AR.; Preiksaitis, JK.; Forward, KR.; Low, DE.; Cheang, M. (1991). "How long should catheter-acquired urinary tract infection in women be treated? A randomized controlled study". Ann Intern Med. 114 (9): 713–9. PMID 2012351. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[69] Kenneth Lin & Kevin Fajardo (2008). "Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement". Annals of internal medicine. 149 (1): W20–W24. PMID 18591632. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[70] Anca Zalmanovici Trestioreanu, Adi Lador, May-Tal Sauerbrun-Cutler & Leonard Leibovici (2015). "Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 4: CD009534. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009534.pub2. PMID 25851268. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[71] R. Romero, E. Oyarzun, M. Mazor, M. Sirtori, J. C. Hobbins & M. Bracken (1989). "Meta-analysis of the relationship between asymptomatic bacteriuria and preterm delivery/low birth weight". Obstetrics and gynecology. 73 (4): 576–582. PMID 2927852. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[72] F. Smaill & J. C. Vazquez (2007). "Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2): CD000490. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000490.pub2. PMID 17443502. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[73] Kenneth Lin & Kevin Fajardo (2008). "Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement". Annals of internal medicine. 149 (1): W20–W24. PMID 18591632. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[74] Lindsay E. Nicolle (2015). "Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Bacterial Interference". Microbiology spectrum. 3 (5). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0001-2012. PMID 26542046. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[75] Fiona M. Smaill & Juan C. Vazquez (2015). "Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (8): CD000490. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000490.pub3. PMID 26252501. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid1477233-76] Rubin RH, Shapiro ED, Andriole VT, Davis RJ, Stamm WE (1992). "Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of urinary tract infection. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration". Clin Infect Dis. 15 Suppl 1: S216–27. PMID 1477233.

[77] Richard Colgan, Lindsay E. Nicolle, Andrew McGlone & Thomas M. Hooton (2006). "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults". American family physician. 74 (6): 985–990. PMID 17002033. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Stamm-1983-78] Stamm, WE. (1983). "Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria". Am J Med. 75 (1B): 53–8. PMID 6349345. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Nicolle-1998-79] Nicolle, LE.; Duckworth, H.; Brunka, J.; Urias, B.; Kennedy, J.; Murray, D.; Harding, GK. (1998). "Urinary antibody level and survival in bacteriuric institutionalized older subjects". J Am Geriatr Soc. 46 (8): 947–53. PMID 9706881. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Harding-2002-80] Harding, GK.; Zhanel, GG.; Nicolle, LE.; Cheang, M. (2002). "Antimicrobial treatment in diabetic women with asymptomatic bacteriuria". N Engl J Med. 347 (20): 1576–83. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021042. PMID 12432044. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Darouiche-1993-81] Darouiche, RO.; Cadle, RM.; Zenon, GJ.; Markowski, J.; Rodriguez, M.; Musher, DM. (1993). "Progression from asymptomatic to symptomatic urinary tract infection in patients with SCI: a preliminary study". J Am Paraplegia Soc. 16 (4): 219–24. PMID 8270918. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Zhanel-1995-82] Zhanel, GG.; Nicolle, LE.; Harding, GK. (1995). "Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and associated host factors in women with diabetes mellitus. The Manitoba Diabetic Urinary Infection Study Group". Clin Infect Dis. 21 (2): 316–22. PMID 8562738. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Bachman-1993-83] Bachman, JW.; Heise, RH.; Naessens, JM.; Timmerman, MG. (1993). "A study of various tests to detect asymptomatic urinary tract infections in an obstetric population". JAMA. 270 (16): 1971–4. PMID 8411555. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[KINCAID-SMITH-1965-84] KINCAID-SMITH, P.; BULLEN, M. (1965). "BACTERIURIA IN PREGNANCY". Lancet. 1 (7382): 395–9. PMID 14238090. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Hooton-2000-85] Hooton, TM.; Scholes, D.; Stapleton, AE.; Roberts, PL.; Winter, C.; Gupta, K.; Samadpour, M.; Stamm, WE. (2000). "A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women". N Engl J Med. 343 (14): 992–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM200010053431402. PMID 11018165. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[86] T. M. Hooton, D. Scholes, A. E. Stapleton, P. L. Roberts, C. Winter, K. Gupta, M. Samadpour & W. E. Stamm (2000). "A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women". The New England journal of medicine. 343 (14): 992–997. doi:10.1056/NEJM200010053431402. PMID 11018165. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[87] Lindsay E. Nicolle, Suzanne Bradley, Richard Colgan, James C. Rice, Anthony Schaeffer & Thomas M. Hooton (2005). "Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults". Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 40 (5): 643–654. doi:10.1086/427507. PMID 15714408. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[88] Kenneth Lin & Kevin Fajardo (2008). "Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement". Annals of internal medicine. 149 (1): W20–W24. PMID 18591632. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[89] Andree Leduc (2014). "Reducing the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in seniors in a long-term care facility". The Canadian nurse. 110 (7): 25–30. PMID 25920165. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[90] Nicolle, Lindsay E.; Bradley, Suzanne; Colgan, Richard; Rice, James C.; Schaeffer, Anthony; Hooton, Thomas M.; Infectious Diseases Society of America; American Society of Nephrology; American Geriatric Society (2005-03-01). "Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 40 (5): 643–654. doi:10.1086/427507. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 15714408.

[91] "Guidelines on Urological Infections".

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[94] D. ALEKSANDROW, W. WYSZNACKA, H. CHLEBUS, S. FILIPECKI, A. MICHAJLIK & M. RYCEROWA (1959). "[Remote results of the treatment of pyelonephritis]". Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej. 29: 503–509. PMID 13792521.

[95] John R. Lee, Heejung Bang, Darshana Dadhania, Choli Hartono, Meredith J. Aull, Michael Satlin, Phyllis August, Manikkam Suthanthiran & Thangamani Muthukumar (2013). "Independent risk factors for urinary tract infection and for subsequent bacteremia or acute cellular rejection: a single-center report of 1166 kidney allograft recipients". Transplantation. 96 (8): 732–738. doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e3182a04997. PMID 23917724. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[96] Ella J. Ariza-Heredia, Elena N. Beam, Timothy G. Lesnick, Fernando G. Cosio, Walter K. Kremers & Raymund R. Razonable (2014). "Impact of urinary tract infection on allograft function after kidney transplantation". Clinical transplantation. 28 (6): 683–690. doi:10.1111/ctr.12366. PMID 24654771. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[97] T. F. Patterson & V. T. Andriole (1997). "Detection, significance, and therapy of bacteriuria in pregnancy. Update in the managed health care era". Infectious disease clinics of North America. 11 (3): 593–608. PMID 9378925. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[98] Kenneth Lin & Kevin Fajardo (2008). "Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement". Annals of internal medicine. 149 (1): W20–W24. PMID 18591632. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[99] H. H. Meyhoff, J. Nordling, P. A. Gammelgaard & R. Vejlsgaard (1981). "Does antibacterial ointment applied to urethral meatus in women prevent recurrent cystitis?". Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology. 15 (2): 81–83. PMID 7036332.

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@@ Line 255: / Line 255: @@
 ==Differentiating Asymptomatic Bacteriuria From Other Diseases==
-Asymptomatic Bacteriuria must be differentiated from other diseases that might cause bacteriuria.
+Asymptomatic Bacteriuria must be differentiated from other diseases that might cause bacteriuria.<ref name="WiseLongo2015">{{cite journal|last1=Wise|first1=Gilbert J.|last2=Longo|first2=Dan L.|last3=Schlegel|first3=Peter N.|title=Sterile Pyuria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=11|year=2015|pages=1048–1054|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410052}}</ref><ref name="Stamm1983">{{cite journal|last1=Stamm|first1=Walter E.|title=Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=75|issue=1|year=1983|pages=53–58|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/0002-9343(83)90073-6}}</ref><ref name="GroahPerez-Losada2015">{{cite journal|last1=Groah|first1=Suzanne|last2=Perez-Losada|first2=Marcos|last3=Caldovic|first3=Ljubica|last4=Ljungberg|first4=Inger|last5=Sprague|first5=Bruce|last6=Castro-Nallar|first6=Eduardo|last7=Shah|first7=Neel|last8=Hsieh|first8=Michael|last9=Pohl|first9=Hans|title=MP20-08 PYURIA AND ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH NOVEL AND SPECIFIC URINE MICROBIOMES|journal=The Journal of Urology|volume=193|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e226|issn=00225347|doi=10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.980}}</ref><ref name="ShaikhShope2016">{{cite journal|last1=Shaikh|first1=N.|last2=Shope|first2=T. R.|last3=Hoberman|first3=A.|last4=Vigliotti|first4=A.|last5=Kurs-Lasky|first5=M.|last6=Martin|first6=J. M.|title=Association Between Uropathogen and Pyuria|journal=PEDIATRICS|volume=138|issue=1|year=2016|pages=e20160087–e20160087|issn=0031-4005|doi=10.1542/peds.2016-0087}}</ref>
-'''Differentiating the diseases that can cause pyuria:'''<ref name="WiseLongo2015">{{cite journal|last1=Wise|first1=Gilbert J.|last2=Longo|first2=Dan L.|last3=Schlegel|first3=Peter N.|title=Sterile Pyuria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=11|year=2015|pages=1048–1054|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410052}}</ref><ref name="Stamm1983">{{cite journal|last1=Stamm|first1=Walter E.|title=Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=75|issue=1|year=1983|pages=53–58|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/0002-9343(83)90073-6}}</ref><ref name="GroahPerez-Losada2015">{{cite journal|last1=Groah|first1=Suzanne|last2=Perez-Losada|first2=Marcos|last3=Caldovic|first3=Ljubica|last4=Ljungberg|first4=Inger|last5=Sprague|first5=Bruce|last6=Castro-Nallar|first6=Eduardo|last7=Shah|first7=Neel|last8=Hsieh|first8=Michael|last9=Pohl|first9=Hans|title=MP20-08 PYURIA AND ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH NOVEL AND SPECIFIC URINE MICROBIOMES|journal=The Journal of Urology|volume=193|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e226|issn=00225347|doi=10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.980}}</ref><ref name="ShaikhShope2016">{{cite journal|last1=Shaikh|first1=N.|last2=Shope|first2=T. R.|last3=Hoberman|first3=A.|last4=Vigliotti|first4=A.|last5=Kurs-Lasky|first5=M.|last6=Martin|first6=J. M.|title=Association Between Uropathogen and Pyuria|journal=PEDIATRICS|volume=138|issue=1|year=2016|pages=e20160087–e20160087|issn=0031-4005|doi=10.1542/peds.2016-0087}}</ref>
-'''To review differential diagnosis of pyuria, click here.'''
+'''To review differential diagnosis of pyuria, click [[Pyuria#Pyuria Differential Diagnosis|here]].'''
-'''To review differential diagnosis of sterile pyuria, click here.'''
+'''To review differential diagnosis of sterile pyuria, click [[Sterile pyuria differential diagnosis|here]].'''
 {|
 |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
@@ Line 294: / Line 295: @@
 ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
 |-
-! rowspan="16" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Infectious diseases
+! rowspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Infectious diseases
-! rowspan="14" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Urinary tract infection|UTI]]<ref name="pmid18061020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Neal DE |title=Complicated urinary tract infections |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=13–22; v |date=February 2008 |pmid=18061020 |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.010 |url=}}</ref>
+! rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Urinary tract infection|UTI]]<ref name="pmid18061020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Neal DE |title=Complicated urinary tract infections |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=13–22; v |date=February 2008 |pmid=18061020 |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.010 |url=}}</ref>
 ! rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Bacteria|Bacterial]]
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Asymptomatic bacteriuria]]<ref name="Nicolle2014">{{cite journal|last1=Nicolle|first1=Lindsay E.|title=Asymptomatic bacteriuria|journal=Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases|volume=27|issue=1|year=2014|pages=90–96|issn=0951-7375|doi=10.1097/QCO.0000000000000019}}</ref><ref name="Nicolle2015">{{cite journal|last1=Nicolle|first1=Lindsay E.|title=Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Bacterial Interference|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=3|issue=5|year=2015|issn=2165-0497|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0001-2012}}</ref>
@@ Line 366: / Line 367: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + [[Urine|urinalysis]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Virus|Viral]]<ref name="pmid23816478">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aboumohamed A, Flechner SM, Chiesa-Vottero A, Srinivas TR, Mossad SB |title=Disseminated adenoviral infection masquerading as lower urinary tract voiding dysfunction in a kidney transplant recipient |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=332–6 |date=November 2014 |pmid=23816478 |doi=10.5414/CN107977 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25667584">{{cite journal |vauthors=Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Ly M, Bonilla N, Pride DT |title=The human urine virome in association with urinary tract infections |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=14 |date=2015 |pmid=25667584 |pmc=4304238 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2015.00014 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |PCR viral load
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Increased risk in immunosuppressed [[Kidney transplantation|kidney transplant]] patients
-*[[Cytomegalovirus infection|CMV]], [[Epstein Barr virus|EBV]], [[BK virus]], [[Adenoviridae|adenovirus]] might be seen
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Tuberculosis]]<ref name="pmid26123266">{{cite journal |vauthors=Altiparmak MR, Trabulus S, Balkan II, Yalin SF, Denizli N, Aslan G, Doruk HE, Engin A, Tekin R, Birengel S, Cetin BD, Arslan F, Turhan V, Mert A |title=Urinary tuberculosis: a cohort of 79 adult cases |journal=Ren Fail |volume=37 |issue=7 |pages=1157–63 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26123266 |doi=10.3109/0886022X.2015.1057460 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27865246">{{cite journal |vauthors=Verma AK, Mishra AK, Kumar M, Kant S, Singh A, Singh A |title=Renal tuberculosis presenting as acute pyelonephritis - A rarity |journal=Indian J Tuberc |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=210–213 |date=July 2016 |pmid=27865246 |doi=10.1016/j.ijtb.2015.07.010 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23303798">{{cite journal |vauthors=Daher Ede F, da Silva GB, Barros EJ |title=Renal tuberculosis in the modern era |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=54–64 |date=January 2013 |pmid=23303798 |pmc=3541747 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2013.12-0413 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28784884">{{cite journal |vauthors=Czapka M, Shukla S, Slosar-Cheah M |title=Urine trouble: genitourinary tuberculosis and subsequent DRESS syndrome |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2017 |issue= |pages= |date=August 2017 |pmid=28784884 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2017-220440 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Positive mycobacterial urine culture
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Microscopic hematuria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Tuberculosis|Pulmonary TB]] on chest CT
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Urine mycobacterial [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Past history of [[Tuberculosis|pulmonary TB]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Fungal]]<ref name="pmid22025959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim J, Kim DS, Lee YS, Choi NG |title=Fungal urinary tract infection in burn patients with long-term foley catheterization |journal=Korean J Urol |volume=52 |issue=9 |pages=626–31 |date=September 2011 |pmid=22025959 |pmc=3198237 |doi=10.4111/kju.2011.52.9.626 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11980593">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carvalho M, Guimarães CM, Mayer JR, Bordignon GP, Queiroz-Telles F |title=Hospital-associated funguria: analysis of risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome |journal=Braz J Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=313–8 |date=December 2001 |pmid=11980593 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + after several weeks of follow up
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Hydronephrosis]] on ultrasound
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Urine culture]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Increased risk in patients with long−term foley [[Catheter|catheters]]
-*[[Candidiasis|Candida]] as the most prevalent fungus
-|-
-! rowspan="7" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Sexually transmitted disease|STD]]
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Chlamydia]]<ref name="MatthewsBonigal1990">{{cite journal|last1=Matthews|first1=R.S.|last2=Bonigal|first2=S.D.|last3=Wise|first3=R.|title=Sterile pyuria and Chlamydia trachomatis|journal=The Lancet|volume=336|issue=8711|year=1990|pages=385|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/0140-6736(90)91936-5}}</ref><ref name="pmid8733337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tayal SC, Pattman RS |title=Sterile pyuria: consider chlamydial infection |journal=Br J Clin Pract |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=166–7 |date=1996 |pmid=8733337 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic [[Causes of pelvic pain|pelvic pain]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-*[[Adnexa|Adnexal]] motion [[tenderness]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Females might have concurrent chlamydial [[cervicitis]]
-*Must be considered in young, sexually active males
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Gonococcus]]<ref name="pmid6799059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Clarke M, Maskell R |title=Gonorrhoea presenting as "sterile" pyuria |journal=Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) |volume=283 |issue=6305 |pages=1546 |date=December 1981 |pmid=6799059 |pmc=1507898 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9389943">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jephcott AE |title=Microbiological diagnosis of gonorrhoea |journal=Genitourin Med |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=245–52 |date=August 1997 |pmid=9389943 |pmc=1195851 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26063863">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tomas ME, Getman D, Donskey CJ, Hecker MT |title=Overdiagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection and Underdiagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infection in Adult Women Presenting to an Emergency Department |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=2686–92 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26063863 |pmc=4508438 |doi=10.1128/JCM.00670-15 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic [[Causes of pelvic pain|pelvic pain]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-*[[Adnexa|Adnexal]] motion [[tenderness]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-High false negative result
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Intracellular gram−negative [[Diplococcus|diplococci]] on [[Gram staining|gram stain]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Nucleic acid amplification technique|Nucleic acid amplification]] testing (NAAT)
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Females might have concurrent cervical [[Gonorrhea|gonococcal infection]]
-*Must be considered in young, sexually active males
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Ureaplasma urealyticum]]<ref name="pmid18614434">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nassar FA, Abu-Elamreen FH, Shubair ME, Sharif FA |title=Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma hominis, genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum by polymerase chain reaction in patients with sterile pyuria |journal=Adv Med Sci |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=80–6 |date=2008 |pmid=18614434 |doi=10.2478/v10039-008-0020-1 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Gram stain −
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Associated with complications of pregnancy
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Herpes simplex virus]]<ref name="pmid16926356">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xu F, Sternberg MR, Kottiri BJ, McQuillan GM, Lee FK, Nahmias AJ, Berman SM, Markowitz LE |title=Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States |journal=JAMA |volume=296 |issue=8 |pages=964–73 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16926356 |doi=10.1001/jama.296.8.964 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Painful [[Genital ulcer|genital ulcers]]
-*Tender local inguinal [[lymphadenopathy]]
-*Acute [[urinary retention]]
-*Loss of sacral sensation
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Viral culture +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Associated with extragenital complications, like [[Meningitis|aseptic meningitis]]
-*High risk of recurrence
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Herpes zoster]]<ref name="ChenHsueh2002">{{cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Po-Hong|last2=Hsueh|first2=Hsiu-Fang|last3=Hong|first3=Chang-Zern|title=Herpes zoster–associated voiding dysfunction: A retrospective study and literature review|journal=Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation|volume=83|issue=11|year=2002|pages=1624–1628|issn=00039993|doi=10.1053/apmr.2002.34602}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Rash]]
-*Acute [[neuritis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
-| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Associated with lumbosacral [[dermatome]] involvement
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Human papillomavirus|HPV]]<ref name="pmid16819332">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guo CC, Fine SW, Epstein JI |title=Noninvasive squamous lesions in the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic analysis of 29 cases |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=883–91 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16819332 |doi=10.1097/01.pas.0000213283.20166.5a |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Genital warts|Genital wart]]
-*[[Cancer|Cancerous]] lesions of the [[Sex organ|genitalia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Associated with [[Bladder cancer|bladder carcinoma]]
-*Prevented by [[HPV Vaccine|HPV vaccination]]
-|-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]<ref name="pmid20338962">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parkhie SM, Fine DM, Lucas GM, Atta MG |title=Characteristics of patients with HIV and biopsy-proven acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=798–804 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20338962 |pmc=2863972 |doi=10.2215/CJN.08211109 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Painful mucocutaneous ulceration
-*[[Lymphadenopathy]]
-*[[Meningitis|Aseptic meningitis]]
-*[[Diarrhea]]
-*[[Weight loss]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Leukopenia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Combination antigen/antibody immunoassay + PCR [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] viral load test
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Might be gone to chronic [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] infection with or without evidence of the [[Immunodeficiency|acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] ([[HIV AIDS|AIDS]])
-*Associated with acute [[interstitial nephritis]]
 |-
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Prostatitis]]<ref name="pmid23519458">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wagenlehner FM, Pilatz A, Bschleipfer T, Diemer T, Linn T, Meinhardt A, Schagdarsurengin U, Dansranjavin T, Schuppe HC, Weidner W |title=Bacterial prostatitis |journal=World J Urol |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=711–6 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23519458 |doi=10.1007/s00345-013-1055-x |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 670: / Line 420: @@
 *Associated with [[reactive arthritis]]
 |-
-! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Appendicitis]]<ref name="pmid11343547">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee SL, Walsh AJ, Ho HS |title=Computed tomography and ultrasonography do not improve and may delay the diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis |journal=Arch Surg |volume=136 |issue=5 |pages=556–62 |date=May 2001 |pmid=11343547 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25345259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahattanobon S, Samphao S, Pruekprasert P |title=Clinical features of complicated acute appendicitis |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=97 |issue=8 |pages=835–40 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25345259 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Non−infectious diseases
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Right lower abdominal pain
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Urinary tract|Urinary tract disorders]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Right lower [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Leukocytosis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Urine [[specific gravity]] >1.020
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Enlarged appendiceal diameter on CT scan or ultrasound
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-|-
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Category
-! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pain
-! colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Fever
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |N/V
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysuria
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Frequency
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Urgency
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gross hematuria
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |BP
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other PE
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CBC
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Electrolytes
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Cell
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Cast
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Bacteriuria
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Culture
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other UA findings
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard for diagnosis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings
-|-
-! rowspan="19" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Non−infectious diseases
-! rowspan="7" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Urinary tract|Urinary tract disorders]]
 ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Urinary catheter|Urinary catheterization]]<ref name="ForsterHaslam2017">{{cite journal|last1=Forster|first1=C.S.|last2=Haslam|first2=D.B.|last3=Jackson|first3=E.|last4=Goldstein|first4=S.L.|title=Utility of a routine urinalysis in children who require clean intermittent catheterization|journal=Journal of Pediatric Urology|volume=13|issue=5|year=2017|pages=488.e1–488.e5|issn=14775131|doi=10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.01.016}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 742: / Line 446: @@
 *Predicting [[Urinary tract infection|UTI]] in children who required clean intermittent [[Catheter|catheterization]] by routine [[Urine|urinalysis]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Urinary stone|Urinary tract stone]]<ref name="pmid23283137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z |title=Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=479–86 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23283137 |pmc=3587650 |doi=10.1038/ki.2012.419 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26349951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD |title=Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=1356–65 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26349951 |pmc=4593754 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Colicky pain
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Visible stone on [[Computed tomography|CT scan]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Might cause renal obstruction
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Urinary tract neoplasm]]<ref name="pmid23664207">{{cite journal |vauthors=Azuma T, Nagase Y, Oshi M |title=Pyuria predicts poor prognosis in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer |journal=Clin Genitourin Cancer |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=331–6 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23664207 |doi=10.1016/j.clgc.2013.04.002 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Visible [[tumor]] on [[Computed tomography|CT scan]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Cystoscopy]]  + [[biopsy]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Associated with non−muscle−invasive [[bladder cancer]] (NMIBC)
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Fistulae|Urinary fistula]]<ref name="pmid25565512">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hampton BS, Kay A, Pilzek A |title=Urinary fistula and incontinence |journal=Semin. Reprod. Med. |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=47–52 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25565512 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1395279 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Urinary incontinence]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Fistula]] on [[cystoscopy]] or [[IVP]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Physical examination
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*History of recent surgery
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Interstitial cystitis]]<ref name="pmid22177158">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konkle KS, Berry SH, Elliott MN, Hilton L, Suttorp MJ, Clauw DJ, Clemens JQ |title=Comparison of an interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome clinical cohort with symptomatic community women from the RAND Interstitial Cystitis Epidemiology study |journal=J. Urol. |volume=187 |issue=2 |pages=508–12 |date=February 2012 |pmid=22177158 |pmc=3894739 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.040 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic bladder pain
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Associated with other chronic pain syndromes
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Vesicoureteral reflux]]<ref name="pmid24012582">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hubert KC, Kokorowski PJ, Huang L, Prasad MM, Rosoklija I, Retik AB, Nelson CP |title=New contralateral vesicoureteral reflux after unilateral ureteral reimplantation: predictive factors and clinical outcomes |journal=J. Urol. |volume=191 |issue=2 |pages=451–7 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24012582 |pmc=4123205 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2013.08.076 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Oliguria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Imaging
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Hydronephrosis]]<ref name="pmid26194290">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dancz CE, Walker D, Thomas D, Özel B |title=Prevalence of Hydronephrosis in Women With Advanced Pelvic Organ Prolapse |journal=Urology |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=250–4 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26194290 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2015.05.005 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Oliguria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Imaging
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-|-
-! rowspan="5" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Renal disease|Renal diseases]]
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Polycystic kidney disease|Polycystic kidney disease]]<ref name="pmid25186187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paul BM, Vanden Heuvel GB |title=Kidney: polycystic kidney disease |journal=Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=465–87 |date=2014 |pmid=25186187 |pmc=4423807 |doi=10.1002/wdev.152 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | Flank or [[back]] [[pain]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Polyuria]]
-*[[Nocturia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Hypocitraturia]]
-*[[Hyperuricemia]]
-*[[Hyperoxaluria]]
-*[[Urine|Low urine pH]]
-*[[Microscopic hematuria]]
-*[[Proteinuria]] <1 g/day
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Multiple cysts on [[ultrasound]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Imaging
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Renal vein thrombosis]]<ref name="pmid18158362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahmoodi BK, ten Kate MK, Waanders F, Veeger NJ, Brouwer JL, Vogt L, Navis G, van der Meer J |title=High absolute risks and predictors of venous and arterial thromboembolic events in patients with nephrotic syndrome: results from a large retrospective cohort study |journal=Circulation |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=224–30 |date=January 2008 |pmid=18158362 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.716951 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Flank pain
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Might be asymptomatic
-*Signs of [[Acute kidney injury|acute renal failure]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Leukocytosis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Hyperkalemia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Proteinuria]]
-*[[Microscopic hematuria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Thrombosis]] on CT scan
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Renal [[venography]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Increased risk in [[nephrotic syndrome]] and [[Thrombophilia|hypercoagulable state]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Interstitial nephritis]]<ref name="pmid25079860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raghavan R, Eknoyan G |title=Acute interstitial nephritis - a reappraisal and update |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=149–62 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25079860 |pmc=4928030 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Low back pain|Lower back pain]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Rash]]
-*[[Weight loss]]
-*[[Oliguria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Eosinophilia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Hyperkalemia]]
-*[[Isosthenuria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Proteinuria]]
-*[[Eosinophiluria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + [[Urine|urinalysis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Associated with [[medications]], particularly [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[IgA nephropathy]]<ref name="pmid24861083">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roberts IS |title=Pathology of IgA nephropathy |journal=Nat Rev Nephrol |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=445–54 |date=August 2014 |pmid=24861083 |doi=10.1038/nrneph.2014.92 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl or ↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Might be asymptomatic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Proteinuria]]
-*[[Microscopic hematuria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Biopsy]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*History of [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)|upper respiratory infection]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Kidney transplantation|Renal transplant rejection]]<ref name="pmid29789350">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martin-Moreno PL, Tripathi S, Chandraker A |title=Regulatory T Cells and Kidney Transplantation |journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=May 2018 |pmid=29789350 |doi=10.2215/CJN.01750218 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Flank pain
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Might be asymptomatic
-*[[Oliguria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Leukocytosis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Proteinuria]]
-*[[Microscopic hematuria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Increased graft size on ultrasound
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Renal allograft [[biopsy]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Acute rise in the [[Creatinine|serum creatinine]]
-*History of [[Organ transplant|transplant]]
-|-
-! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pain
-! colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Fever
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |N/V
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dysuria
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Frequency
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Urgency
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gross hematuria
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |BP
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other PE
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CBC
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Electrolytes
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Cell
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Cast
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Bacteriuria
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Culture
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other UA findings
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gold standard for diagnosis
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings
-|-
-! rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Systemic disease]]
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Diabetic nephropathy]]<ref name="pmid24983394">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bjornstad P, Cherney D, Maahs DM |title=Early diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: new insights |journal=Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=279–86 |date=August 2014 |pmid=24983394 |pmc=4138314 |doi=10.1097/MED.0000000000000074 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Might be asymptomatic
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Albuminuria]]
-*[[Microscopic hematuria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + laboratory tests
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*History of [[retinopathy]] and [[neuropathy]]
-*Slow and progressive [[Renal insufficiency|renal failure]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Lupus nephritis]]<ref name="SchwartzGoilav2014">{{cite journal|last1=Schwartz|first1=Noa|last2=Goilav|first2=Beatrice|last3=Putterman|first3=Chaim|title=The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of lupus nephritis|journal=Current Opinion in Rheumatology|volume=26|issue=5|year=2014|pages=502–509|issn=1040-8711|doi=10.1097/BOR.0000000000000089}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Rash]]
-*[[Oral ulcer]]
-*[[Arthritis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Pancytopenia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Hematuria]]
-*[[Proteinuria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Enlarged kidneys on CT scan
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Biopsy]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Abnormal results of specific serologic tests
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Sjögren's syndrome|Sjögren’s syndrome]]<ref name="de PaivaRocha2015">{{cite journal|last1=de Paiva|first1=Cintia S.|last2=Rocha|first2=Eduardo Melani|title=Sjögren syndrome|journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology|volume=26|issue=6|year=2015|pages=517–525|issn=1040-8738|doi=10.1097/ICU.0000000000000208}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Dryness of all [[mucous membranes]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Pancytopenia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Hematuria]]
-*[[Proteinuria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Abnormal diffuse [[Adipose tissue|fat tissue]] deposition and diffuse punctate [[calcification]] on parotid gland CT scan
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + laboratory tests
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Abnormal results of specific serologic tests
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Kawasaki's disease]]<ref name="pmid14745638">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wirojanan J, Sopontammarak S, Vachvanichsanong P |title=Sterile pyuria in Kawasaki disease |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=363 |date=March 2004 |pmid=14745638 |doi=10.1007/s00467-003-1394-8 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Rash]]
-*[[Irritability]]
-*[[Desquamation]] of skin and mucous membranes
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]]
-*[[Thrombocytosis]]
-*[[Leukocytosis]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Hyponatremia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Vessels involvement on [[Angiogram|angiography]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Associated with multiple organ involvement including [[heart]]
-|-
-! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Medication]]/[[toxin]]
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Analgesic nephropathy]]<ref name="pmid28341428">{{cite journal |vauthors=Henderickx MMEL, Brits T, De Baets K, Seghers M, Maes P, Trouet D, De Wachter S, De Win G |title=Renal papillary necrosis in patients with sickle cell disease: How to recognize this 'forgotten' diagnosis |journal=J Pediatr Urol |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=250–256 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28341428 |doi=10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.01.020 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Flank pain
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Chronic [[headache]]
-*[[Low back pain]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Eosinophilia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Hyperkalemia]]
-*[[Isosthenuria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Proteinuria]]
-*[[Eosinophiluria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Renal impairment on CT scan
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Imaging
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Characterized by [[Renal papillary necrosis|papillary necrosis]] and chronic [[interstitial nephritis]]
-*Caused by the chronic use of [[analgesic]] agents
-|-
-! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Contrast induced nephropathy|Contrast−induced nephropathy]]<ref name="PatschanBuschmann2018">{{cite journal|last1=Patschan|first1=D.|last2=Buschmann|first2=I.|last3=Ritter|first3=O.|title=Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Update on the Use of Crystalloids and Pharmacological Measures|journal=International Journal of Nephrology|volume=2018|year=2018|pages=1–8|issn=2090-214X|doi=10.1155/2018/5727309}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Oliguria]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*[[Hyperkalemia]]
-*[[Acidosis]]
-*[[Hyperphosphatemia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Fractional sodium excretion]] (FENa) <1%
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + exclusion of other causes of AKI
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*Associated with reversible type of [[acute kidney injury]]
-*Acute increase in the [[Creatinine|serum creatinine]]
-|-
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Category
 ! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
 ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pain
@@ Line 1,750: / Line 988: @@
 {{WH}}
 {{WS}}
 [[Category:Medicine]]
 [[Category:Infectious disease]]
@@ Line 1,755: / Line 994: @@
 [[Category:Urology]]
 [[Category:Up-To-Date]]
-[[Category:Primary care]]