Anal cancer risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Risk factors
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: An examination of squamous cell carcinoma tumor tissues from patients in Denmark and Sweden showed a high proportion of anal cancers to be positive for the types of HPV that are also associated with high risk of cervical cancer (90% of the tumors from women, 100% of the tumors from homosexual men, and 58% of tumors from heterosexual men).[1] In another study done, high-risk types of HPV, notably HPV-16, were detected in 84 percent of anal cancer specimens examined.[2]
- Sexual activity: Having multiple sex partners or having anal sex, due to the increased risk of exposure to the HPV virus.[3]
- Smoking: Current smokers are several times more likely to develop anal cancer compared with nonsmokers.[3]
- Immunosuppression, which is often associated with HIV infection.[3]