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Types of urinary incontinence Details
Physiological It is expected and seen as a norm in the early years.

Requires a minimum age of 5 years, at least one event in a month, and a minimum period of 3 months.

Persisting beyond the age of 5 years is termed pathological.

However, there are the 'late developers' who continue to experience physiologic urinary incontinence beyond the age of 5 years.

Clinical evaluation of these kids remains normal.

Pathological Organic: usually uncommon. In-depth investigations needed to be identified more so in cases that have not responded to conventional treatment
Functional or psychosomatic urinary incontinence: includes all forms of pathological urinary incontinence without anatomic or neurologic defects. Manifestations of which have been subdivided into:
Monosymtomatic enuresis(MEN): These kids have never had a dry period of >6 months and in the absence of any bladder dysfunction or symptoms suggestive of lower urinary tract issues
Non-monosymptomatic enuresis Nocturna(Non-MEN): diurnal presentation with an urge, frequency, and enuresis.


Non-Infectious Disease
Immune-mediated/Autoimmune Kawasaki Disease

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Juvenile Dermatomyositis

Drug-related eruptions Erythema multiforme

SJS

TEN

Infectious Disease Causative Organism
Viral Measles

German Measles

Erythema infectiosum

Roseola infantum

Herpangina

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Molluscum contagiosum

Chickenpox

Rubeola

Rubella

Parvovirus B19

Human Herpes Virus 6 & 7

Coxsackie virus

Coxsackie virus

Poxvirus

Varicella Zoster virus

Bacterial Meningococcemia
Neisseria meningitidis

Hemophilus influenzae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

RMSF Rickettsia rickettsii
HUS Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC)
Scarlet Fever Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococci, GAS)
Disseminated gonococcal disease in adolescents Neiserria gonorrhoea
SSSS

TSS

Staphylococcus aureus
Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi
Relapsing fever Borrelia recurrentis
Protozoan Babesiosis Babesia microti
Fungal Histoplasmosis

Blastomycosis

Coccidiodomycosis

Paracoccidiodomycosis

Histoplasma capsulatum

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Coccidioides immitis

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Fever + Rash Morphology Disease
Non-blanching lesions a. Meningococcemia

b. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)

c. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

d. Henoch-Schőnlein Purpura (HSP)

Blanching rash a. Kawasaki disease

b. Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

c. Juvenile Dermatomyositis

Vesicular or bullous lesions a. Erythema multiforme

b. Steven-Johnson-Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epridermal Necrolysis (TEN)

c. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)

d. Disseminated gonococcal disease in adolescents

e. HSV I & II

Umbilicated papules and pustules a. Molluscum contagiosum

b. Varicella/Chickenpox

Sandpaper rash a. Scarlet fever
Viral syndromes a. Measles (Rubeola)

b. Rubella (German measles)

c. Erythema infectiosum (Parvovirus B-19)

d. Herpangina (Coxsackie)

e. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (Coxsackie)

f. Roseola infantum (Human Herpes Virus types 6 or 7)

Unclassified/Limited to certain geographical areas a. Babesiosis

b. Blastomycosis

c. Coccidiodomycosis

d. Histoplasmosis

e. Colorado Tick Fever

f. Lyme disease

g. Relapsing fever

h. Colorado Tick Fever

There are several types of skin rashes classified based on size, consistency, color, etc. Below are some of the common ones encountered in clinical practice.

Type of Rash/Lesion Description
Macule flat, circumscribed, usually <1cm in diameter
Papule raised/elevated lesion <1cm in diameter
Maculopapular combination of both macules and papulus
Nodule papule in deeper dermis or subcutaneous tissue
Pustule circumscribed raised lesion containing purulent material
Vesicle circumscribed elevated skin lesion usually <1cm containing fluid
Bulla Bigger vesicle (>1cm and containing fluid)
Purpura non-blanching papules or macules due to extravasation of RBCs
Petechiae non-blanching pinpoint unraised spots usually measuring <2mm in size


classification
SCC
BCC
Melanoma

Practice here


Mitosis in neuroendocrine tumor. Source: Wikimedia commons
Classification of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) and Related Disorders
Criteria Symptomatic WM Asymptomatic WM IgM-Related Disorders MGUS
IgM monoclonal protein + + + +
Bone marrow infiltration + + - -
Symptoms attributable to IgM + - + -
Symptoms attributable to tumor infiltration + - - -

Jaundice in children Microchapters

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differential Diagnosis

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention






References