Delafloxacin
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sonya Gelfand, Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2]
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Black Box Warning
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WARNING: SERIOUS ADVERSE REACTIONS INCLUDING TENDINITIS, TENDON RUPTURE, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS AND EXACERBATION OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
Fluoroquinolones have been associated with disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions that have occurred together, including:
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Overview
Delafloxacin is a a fluoroquinolone antibacterial that is FDA approved for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) caused by designated susceptible bacteria. There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include nausea, diarrhea, headache, transaminase elevations, and vomiting.
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
Indications
- Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections
- Delafloxacin is indicated in adults for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) caused by susceptible isolates of the following:
- Gram-positive organisms: Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant [MRSA] and methicillin-susceptible [MSSA] isolates), Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus anginosus Group (including Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus intermedius, and Streptococcus constellatus), Streptococcus pyogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis.
- Gram-negative organisms: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Usage
- To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of delafloxacin and other antibacterial drugs, delafloxacin should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Dosage
- For treatment of adults with ABSSSI, the recommended dosage regimen of delafloxacin is as follows:
- Administer 300 mg of delafloxacin for Injection every 12 hours over 60 minutes by intravenous infusion for 5 to 14 days or,
- Administer 300 mg of delafloxacin for Injection every 12 hours over 60 minutes by intravenous infusion, then switch to a 450 mg delafloxacin tablet orally every 12 hours at the discretion of the physician for a total duration of 5 to 14 days or,
- Administer a 450 mg delafloxacin tablet orally every 12 hours for a total duration of 5 to 14 days.
Dosage in Patients with Renal Impairment
- Table 1 below describes the dosage modification based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) that is recommended in patients with renal impairment. Dosage adjustment is required for patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73m2).
- In patients with severe renal impairment receiving delafloxacin intravenously, closely monitor serum creatinine levels and eGFR. If serum creatinine level increases, consider switching to delafloxacin Tablets. Discontinue delafloxacin if eGFR decreases to <15 mL/min/1.73 m2.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding delafloxacin Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Adult) in the drug label.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding delafloxacin Off-Label Non-Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Adult) in the drug label.
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
- Use in patients under 18 years of age is not recommended. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 18 years have not been established. Pediatric studies were not conducted because risk-benefit considerations do not support the use of delafloxacin for ABSSSI in this population. Fluoroquinolones cause arthropathy in juvenile animals.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)
Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding delafloxacin Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding delafloxacin Off-Label Non-Guideline-Supported Use and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.
Contraindications
- Delafloxacin is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to delafloxacin or any of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial drugs, or any of the components of delafloxacin
Warnings
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WARNING: SERIOUS ADVERSE REACTIONS INCLUDING TENDINITIS, TENDON RUPTURE, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS AND EXACERBATION OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
Fluoroquinolones have been associated with disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions that have occurred together, including:
|
Disabling and Potentially Irreversible Serious Adverse Reactions Including Tendinitis and Tendon Rupture, Peripheral Neuropathy and Central Nervous System Effects
- Fluoroquinolones have been associated with disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions from different body systems that can occur together in the same patient. Commonly seen adverse reactions include tendinitis, tendon rupture, arthralgia, myalgia, peripheral neuropathy, and central nervous system effects (hallucinations, anxiety, depression, insomnia, severe headaches, and confusion). These reactions could occur within hours to weeks after starting a fluoroquinolone. Patients of any age or without pre-existing risk factors have experienced these adverse reactions.
- Discontinue delafloxacin immediately at the first signs or symptoms of any serious adverse reaction. In addition, avoid the use of fluoroquinolones, including delafloxacin, in patients who have experienced any of these serious adverse reactions associated with fluoroquinolones.
Tendinitis and Tendon Rupture
- Fluoroquinolones have been associated with an increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture in all ages. This adverse reaction most frequently involves the Achilles tendon, and has also been reported with the rotator cuff (the shoulder), the hand, the biceps, the thumb, and other tendons. Tendinitis or tendon rupture can occur, within hours or days of starting a fluoroquinolone, or as long as several months after completion of fluoroquinolone therapy. Tendinitis and tendon rupture can occur bilaterally.
- This risk of developing fluoroquinolone-associated tendinitis and tendon rupture is increased in patients over age 60 years of age, in patients taking corticosteroid drugs, and, in patients with kidney, heart, and lung transplant. Other factors that may independently increase the risk of tendon rupture include strenuous physical activity, renal failure, and previous tendon disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Tendinitis and tendon rupture have also occurred in patients taking fluoroquinolones who do not have the above risk factors.
- Discontinue delafloxacin immediately if the patient experiences pain, swelling, inflammation or rupture of a tendon. Advise patients, at the first sign of tendon pain, swelling, or inflammation, to stop taking delafloxacin, to avoid exercise and use of the affected area, and to promptly contact their healthcare provider about changing to a non-quinolone antimicrobial drug. Avoid delafloxacin in patients who have a history of tendon disorders or have experienced tendinitis or tendon rupture.
Peripheral Neuropathy
- Fluoroquinolones have been associated with an increased risk of peripheral neuropathy. Cases of sensory or sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy affecting small and/or large axons resulting in paresthesias, hypoesthesias, dysesthesias, and weakness have been reported in patients receiving fluoroquinolones, including delafloxacin. Symptoms may occur soon after initiation of fluoroquinolones and may be irreversible in some patients.
- Discontinue delafloxacin immediately if the patient experiences symptoms of peripheral neuropathy including pain, burning, tingling, numbness, and/or weakness or other alterations of sensation including light touch, pain, temperature, position sense, and vibratory sensation and/or motor strength in order to minimize the development of an irreversible condition. Avoid fluoroquinolones, including delafloxacin in patients who have previously experienced peripheral neuropathy.
Central Nervous System Effects
- Fluoroquinolones have been associated with an increased risk of central nervous system (CNS) reactions, including: convulsions and increased intracranial pressure (including pseudotumor cerebri) and toxic psychosis. Fluoroquinolones, including delafloxicin, may also cause CNS reactions of nervousness, agitation, insomnia, anxiety, nightmares, paranoia, dizziness, confusion, tremors, hallucinations, depression, and suicidal thoughts or acts. These adverse reactions may occur following the first dose. If these reactions occur in patients receiving delafloxicin, discontinue delafloxicin immediately and institute appropriate measures. As with all fluoroquinolones, use delafloxicin when the benefits of treatment exceed the risks in patients with known or suspected CNS disorders (e.g., severe cerebral arteriosclerosis, epilepsy) or in the presence of other risk factors that may predispose to seizures or lower the seizure threshold.
Exacerbation of Myasthenia Gravis
- Fluoroquinolones have neuromuscular blocking activity and may exacerbate muscle weakness in persons with myasthenia gravis. Post-marketing serious adverse reactions, including death and requirement for ventilator support, have been associated with fluoroquinolone use in persons with myasthenia gravis. Avoid delafloxicin in patients with known history of myasthenia gravis.
Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions, some following the first dose, have been reported in patients receiving fluoroquinolone therapy. Some reactions were accompanied by cardiovascular collapse, loss of consciousness, tingling, pharyngeal or facial edema, dyspnea, urticaria, and itching. Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported in patients receiving delafloxicin. These reactions may occur after first or subsequent doses of delafloxicin. Discontinue delafloxicin at the first appearance of a skin rash or any other sign of hypersensitivity.
Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea
- Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported in users of nearly all systemic antibacterial drugs, including delafloxicin, with severity ranging from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents can alter the normal flora of the colon, and may permit overgrowth of C. difficile.
- C. difficile produces toxins A and B, which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin-producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antibacterial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibacterial use. Careful medical history is necessary because CDAD has been reported to occur more than 2 months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
- If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibacterial use not directed against C. difficile should be discontinued, if possible. Appropriate measures such as fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibacterial treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria
- Prescribing delafloxacin in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
- Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in clinical trials of delafloxacin cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect rates observed in practice.
- Delafloxacin was evaluated in two multicenter, multinational, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, non-inferiority trials (Trial 1 and Trial 2) in adults with ABSSSI. In Trial 1 patients received delafloxacin 300 mg by intravenous infusion every 12 hours and in Trial 2 the patients received delafloxacin 300 mg by intravenous infusion every 12 hours for 6 doses then were switched to delafloxacin 450 mg tablets every 12 hours. The total treatment duration was 5 to 14 days. Adverse reactions were evaluated for 741 patients treated with delafloxacin and 751 patients treated with comparator antibacterial drugs. The median age of patients treated with delafloxacin was 49 years, ranging between 18 and 94 years old; 15% were age 65 years and older. Patients treated with delafloxacin were predominantly male (62%) and Caucasian (86%). The delafloxacin treated population included 44% obese patients (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), 11% with diabetes, and 16% with baseline renal impairment (calculated creatinine clearance less than 90 mL/min).
Serious Adverse Reactions and Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation
- Serious adverse reactions occurred in 3/741 (0.4%) of patients treated with delafloxacin and in 6/751 (0.8%) of patients treated with the comparator.
- Delafloxacin was discontinued due to an adverse reaction in 7/741 (0.9%) patients and the comparator was discontinued due to an adverse reaction in 21/751 (2.8%) patients. The most commonly reported adverse reactions leading to study discontinuation in the delafloxacin arm included urticaria (2/741; 0.3%) and hypersensitivity (2/741; 0.3%); whereas, the most commonly reported adverse reactions leading to study discontinuation in the comparator arm included urticaria (5/751; 0.7%), rash (4/751; 0.5%), hypersensitivity and infusion site extravasation (2/751; 0.3%).
Most Common Adverse Reactions
- The most common adverse reactions in patients treated with delafloxacin were nausea (8%), diarrhea (8%), headache (3%), transaminase elevations (3%), and vomiting (2%). Table 3 lists selected adverse reactions occurring in ≥ 2 % of patients receiving delafloxacin in the pooled adult Phase 3 clinical trials.
Adverse Reactions Occurring in Less Than 2% of Patients Receiving delafloxacin in Phase 3 Clinical Trials
- The following selected adverse reactions were reported in delafloxacin-treated patients at a rate of less than 2% in these clinical trials.
- Cardiac Disorders: sinus tachycardia, palpitations, bradycardia
- Ear and Labyrinth Disorders: tinnitus, vertigo
- Eye Disorders: vision blurred
- General disorders and administration site conditions: infusion site extravasation, infusion site bruise, discomfort, edema, erythema, irritation, pain, phlebitis, swelling, or thrombosis
- Gastrointestinal Disorders: abdominal pain, dyspepsia
- Immune System Disorders: hypersensitivity
- Infections and Infestations: Clostridium difficile infection, fungal infection, oral candidiasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis
- Laboratory Investigations: blood alkaline phosphatase increased, blood creatinine increased, blood creatine phosphokinase increased
- Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia
- Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: myalgia
- Nervous System Disorders: dizziness, hypoesthesia, paraesthesia, dysgeusia, presyncope, syncope
- Psychiatric Disorders: anxiety, insomnia, abnormal dreams
- Renal and Urinary: renal impairment, renal failure
- Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: pruritus, urticaria, dermatitis, rash
- Vascular Disorders: flushing, hypotension, hypertension, phlebitis
Postmarketing Experience
There is limited information regarding Delafloxacin Postmarketing Experience in the drug label.
Drug Interactions
- Chelation Agents: Antacids, Sucralfate, Metal Cations, Multivitamins
Chelation Agents: Antacids, Sucralfate, Metal Cations, Multivitamins
- Fluoroquinolones form chelates with alkaline earth and transition metal cations. Oral administration of delafloxacin with antacids containing aluminum or magnesium, with sucralfate, with metal cations such as iron, or with multivitamins containing iron or zinc, or with formulations containing divalent and trivalent cations such as didanosine buffered tablets for oral suspension or the pediatric powder for oral solution, may substantially interfere with the absorption of delafloxacin, resulting in systemic concentrations considerably lower than desired. Therefore, delafloxacin should be taken at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after these agents.
- There are no data concerning an interaction of intravenous delafloxacin with oral antacids, sucralfate, multivitamins, didanosine, or metal cations. However, delafloxacin should not be co-administered with any solution containing multivalent cations, e.g., magnesium, through the same intravenous line.
Use in Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Risk Summary
- The limited available data with delafloxacin use in pregnant women are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk of major birth defects and miscarriages. When delafloxacin (as the N-methyl glucamine salt) was administered orally to rats during the period of organogenesis, no malformations or fetal death were observed at up to 7 times the estimated clinical exposure based on AUC. When rats were dosed intravenously in late pregnancy and through lactation, there were no adverse effects on offspring at exposures approximating the clinical intravenous (IV) exposure based on AUC.
- The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2–4% and 15–20%, respectively.
Data (Animal)
- In embryo-fetal studies, oral administration of delafloxacin to pregnant rats during the period of major organogenesis resulted in maternal toxicity and reduced fetal body weights at the highest dose (1600 mg/kg/day) and fetal ossification delays at all doses. No malformations were reported up to the highest dose tested (approximately 7 times the estimated human plasma exposure based on AUC). The lowest dose, 200 mg/kg/day (approximately 2.5 times the estimated human plasma exposure based on AUC), was still toxic to the fetus, based on ossification delays. In rabbits, a species known to be extremely sensitive to maternal toxicity of antibacterial drugs, no embryo-fetal developmental toxicity was observed up to the highest dose which induced maternal toxicity (1.6 mg/kg/day, or approximately 0.01 times the estimated human plasma exposure based on AUC). In a pre-postnatal study in rats of IV administered delafloxacin, dams at the highest dose tested (120 mg/kg/day) exhibited slightly lower body weights and slightly longer gestation length than control animals. Exposure at that dose was estimated to be approximately 5 times human plasma exposure based on AUC, as determined in a separate shorter term study at an earlier stage of pregnancy. Effects on pups at that dose included increased mortality during lactation, small stature, and lower body weights, but no changes in learning and memory, sensory function, locomotor activity, developmental landmarks, or reproductive performance were reported. The No Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for maternal toxicity pup development in that study was 60 mg/kg/day (approximately 580 mg/day IV for a 60 kg patient, or just below the clinical IV dose).
Pregnancy Category (AUS):
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Delafloxacin in women who are pregnant.
Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Delafloxacin during labor and delivery.
Nursing Mothers
Risk Summary
- There are no data available on the presence of delafloxacin in human milk, the effects on the breast-fed infant, or the effects on milk production. Delafloxacin is excreted in the breast milk of rats [see DATA]. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for delafloxacin and any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed child from delafloxacin or from the underlying maternal condition.
Data
- After single oral dose of 20 mg/kg (approximately 194 mg for a 60 kg patient) 14C labeled delafloxacin on post-natal day 11, the radioactivity was transferred into the milk of lactating rats. The mean milk/plasma radioactivity concentration ratios in dams at 4 and 8 hours after dosing were 8.5 and 4.0, respectively, and essentially background by 24 hours. The rate of elimination of radioactivity was similar in milk and plasma. Absorption of radioactive drug by rat pups following nursing was observed.
Pediatric Use
- Use in patients under 18 years of age is not recommended. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 18 years have not been established. Pediatric studies were not conducted because risk-benefit considerations do not support the use of delafloxacin for ABSSSI in this population. Fluoroquinolones cause arthropathy in juvenile animals.
Geriatic Use
- Of the 754 adults patients treated with delafloxacin in the Phase 3 ABSSSI trials, 111 (15%) were ≥ 65 years of age. The clinical response rates at 48-72 hours in the delafloxacin group (ITT Population) in patients aged ≥ 65 years old were 75.7% and 82.3% in patients aged < 65 years old; comparator response rates were 71.3% in patients aged ≥ 65 years old and 82.1% in patients aged < 65 years old.
- In the safety population, of the 741 adult patients treated with delafloxacin, 110 (16.4%) patients aged ≥ 65 years old and 146 (23.1%) patients aged < 65 years old had at least one adverse drug reaction.
- Geriatric patients are at increased risk for developing severe tendon disorders including tendon rupture when being treated with a fluoroquinolones. This risk is further increased in patients receiving concomitant corticosteroid therapy. Tendinitis or tendon rupture can involve the Achilles, hand, shoulder, or other tendon sites and can occur during or after completion of therapy; cases occurring up to several months after fluoroquinolone treatment have been reported. Caution should be used when prescribing delafloxacin to elderly patients especially those on corticosteroids. Patients should be informed of this potential adverse reaction and advised to discontinue delafloxacin and contact their healthcare provider if any symptoms of tendinitis or tendon rupture occur [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.1)].
- In elderly subjects (≥ 65 years), the mean Cmax and AUC∞ of delafloxacin were about 35% higher compared with young adults, which is not considered clinically significant.
Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Delafloxacin with respect to specific gender populations.
Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Delafloxacin with respect to specific racial populations.
Renal Impairment
- No dosage adjustment of delafloxacin is necessary in patients with mild (eGFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2) or moderate (eGFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2) renal impairment. The dose of delafloxacin intravenous IV infusion in patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2) should be decreased to 200 mg intravenously every 12 hours; the dose of oral delafloxacin in patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2) is 450mg orally every 12 hours. delafloxacin is not recommended in patients with End Stage Renal Disease [ESRD] (eGFR of <15 mL/min/1.73 m2).
- In patients with severe renal impairment or ESRD (eGFR of < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2), accumulation of the intravenous vehicle, sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBECD) occurs. Serum creatinine levels should be closely monitored in patients with severe renal impairment receiving intravenous delafloxacin. If serum creatinine level increases occur, consideration should be given to changing to oral delafloxacin. If eGFR decreases to <15 mL/min/1.73 m2, delafloxacin should be discontinued.
Hepatic Impairment
- No dosage adjustment is necessary for delafloxacin in patients with hepatic impairment.
Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Delafloxacin in women of reproductive potentials and males.
Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Delafloxacin in patients who are immunocompromised.
Administration and Monitoring
Administration
Delafloxacin Tablets
- Administer delafloxacin at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after antacids containing magnesium, or aluminum, with sucralfate, with metal cations such as iron, or with multivitamin preparations containing zinc or iron, or with didanosine buffered tablets for oral suspension or the pediatric powder for oral solution
- Delafloxacin Tablets can be taken with or without food.
- If patients miss a dose, they should take it as soon as possible anytime up to 8 hours prior to their next scheduled dose. If less than 8 hours remain before the next dose, wait until their next scheduled dose.
Delafloxacin for Injection
- Do NOT administer delafloxacin for Injection with any solution containing multivalent cations, e.g., calcium and magnesium, through the same intravenous line. Do NOT Co-infuse delafloxacin for Injection with other medications.
Preparation and Administration of Delafloxacin for Injection Intravenous Solution
Reconstitution and Dilution
- Delafloxacin must be reconstituted and then further diluted under aseptic conditions. Reconstitute the powder in the delafloxacin vial using 10.5 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection (D5W) or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection for each 300 mg vial. Shake the vial vigorously until contents are completely dissolved. The reconstituted vial contains 300 mg per 12 mL (25 mg/mL) of delafloxacin as a clear yellow to amber colored solution.
- The reconstituted solution must then be diluted to a total volume of 250 mL using either 0.9% Sodium Chloride or D5W to achieve a concentration of 1.2 mg/mL, prior to administration. Prepare the required dose for intravenous infusion by withdrawing the appropriate volume from the reconstituted vial per Table 2 below:
- Aseptically transfer the required volume of delafloxacin reconstituted solution from the vial to an intravenous bag to achieve a 250 mL volume of infusion solution. Discard any unused portion of the reconstituted solution.
- Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Storage of the Reconstituted and Diluted Solutions
- Reconstituted vials, as described above, may be stored either refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F), or at controlled room temperature 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F) for up to 24 hours. Do not freeze.
- Once diluted into the intravenous bag, as described above, delafloxacin may be stored either refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) or at a controlled room temperature of 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F) for up to 24 hours. Do not freeze.
Administration
- After reconstitution and dilution, administer delafloxacin by intravenous infusion, using a total infusion time of 60 minutes.
- The compatibility of reconstituted delafloxacin with intravenous medications, additives, or substances other than D5W or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection has not been established. If a common intravenous line is being used to administer other drugs in addition to delafloxacin the line should be flushed before and after each delafloxacin infusion with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection or D5W.
Monitoring
- Improvement in signs, symptoms, or laboratory markers of infection may be indicative of efficacy
- (Injection) Serum creatinine in patients with severe renal impairment: Monitor closely
IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Delafloxacin and IV administrations.
Overdosage
- Treatment of overdose with delafloxacin should consist of observation and general supportive measures. Hemodialysis removed about 19% of delafloxacin and 56% of SBECD (Sulfobutylether β cyclodextrin) after intravenous administration of delafloxacin.
Pharmacology
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Delafloxacin
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 1-(6-amino-3,5-difluoro-2-pyridyl)-8-chloro-6-fluoro-7-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 352458-37-8 (meglumine) |
| ATC code | ? |
| PubChem | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | Template:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox |
| Mol. mass | 440.76 g/mol |
| SMILES | & |
| Synonyms | ABT-492; RX-3341; WQ-3034 |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Metabolism | ? |
| Half life | ? |
| Excretion | ? |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
? |
| Legal status |
[[Prescription drug|Template:Unicode-only]](US) |
| Routes | Oral, intravenous injection |
Mechanism of Action
- Delafloxacin belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial drugs and is anionic in nature. The antibacterial activity of delafloxacin is due to the inhibition of both bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) enzymes which are required for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. Delafloxacin exhibits a concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in vitro.
Structure
Pharmacodynamics
- The antibacterial activity of delafloxacin appears to best correlate with the ratio of area under the concentration-time curve of free delafloxacin to minimal inhibitory concentration (fAUC/MIC) for Gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative organisms such as Escherichia coli based on animal models of infection.
Cardiac Electrophysiology
- In a randomized, positive- and placebo-controlled, thorough QT/QTc study, 51 healthy subjects received delafloxacin 300 mg IV, delafloxacin 900 mg IV, oral moxifloxacin 400 mg, or placebo. Neither delafloxacin 300 mg nor delafloxacin 900 mg (three times the intravenous therapeutic dose) had any clinically relevant adverse effect on cardiac repolarization.
Photosensitivity Potential
- A study of photosensitizing potential to ultraviolet (UVA and UVB) and visible radiation was conducted in 52 healthy volunteers (originally 13 subjects per treatment group). delafloxacin, at 200 mg/day and 400 mg/day (0.22 and 0.44 times the approved recommended daily oral dosage, respectively) for 7 days, and placebo did not demonstrate clinically significant phototoxic potential at any wavelengths tested (295 nm to 430 nm), including solar simulation. The active comparator (lomefloxacin) demonstrated a moderate degree of phototoxicity at UVA 335 nm and 365 nm and solar simulation wavelengths.
Pharmacokinetics
- The pharmacokinetic parameters of delafloxacin following single- and multiple-dose (every 12 hours) oral (450 mg) and intravenous (300 mg) administration are shown in Table 4. Steady-state was achieved within approximately three days with accumulation of approximately 10% and 36% following IV and oral administration, respectively.
Absorption
- The absolute bioavailability for delafloxacin 450 mg oral tablet administered as a single dose was 58.8%. The AUC of delafloxacin following administration of a single 450 mg oral (tablet) dose was comparable to that following a single 300 mg intravenous dose. The Cmax of delafloxacin was achieved within about 1 hour after oral administration under fasting condition. Food (kcal:917, Fat: 58.5%, Protein: 15.4%, Carbohydrate: 26.2%). did not affect the bioavailability of delafloxacin.
Distribution
- The steady state volume of distribution of delafloxacin is 30–48 L which approximates total body water. The plasma protein binding of delafloxacin is approximately 84%; delafloxacin primarily binds to albumin. Plasma protein binding of delafloxacin is not significantly affected by renal impairment.
Elimination
- In a mass balance study, the mean half-life for delafloxacin was 3.7 hours (SD 0.7 hour) after a single dose intravenous administration. The mean half-life values for delafloxacin ranged from 4.2 to 8.5 hours following multiple oral administrations. Following administration of a single 300 mg intravenous dose of delafloxacin, the mean clearance (CL) of delafloxacin was 16.3 L/h (SD 3.7 L/h), and the renal clearance (CLr) of delafloxacin accounts for 35-45% of the total clearance.
Metabolism
- Glucuronidation of delafloxacin is the primary metabolic pathway with oxidative metabolism representing about 1% of an administered dose. The glucuronidation of delafloxacin is mediated mainly by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, and UGT2B15. Unchanged parent drug is the predominant component in plasma. There are no significant circulating metabolites in humans.
Excretion
- After single intravenous dose of 14C-labeled delafloxacin, 65% of the radioactivity was excreted in urine as unchanged delafloxacin and glucuronide metabolites and 28% was excreted in feces as unchanged delafloxacin. Following a single oral dose of 14C-labeled delafloxacin, 50% of the radioactivity was excreted in urine as unchanged delafloxacin and glucuronide metabolites and 48% was excreted in feces as unchanged delafloxacin.
Specific Populations
- Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis, the pharmacokinetics of delafloxacin were not significantly impacted by age, sex, race, weight, body mass index, and disease state (ABSSSI).
Patients with Hepatic Impairment
- No clinically meaningful changes in delafloxacin Cmax and AUC were observed, following administration of a single 300-mg intravenous dose of delafloxacin to patients with mild, moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A, B, and C) compared to matched healthy control subjects.
Patients with Renal Impairment
- Following a single intravenous (300 mg) administration of delafloxacin to subjects with mild (eGFR = 51-80 mL/min/1.73 m2), moderate (eGFR = 31–50 mL/min/1.73 m2), severe (eGFR = 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2) renal impairment, and ESRD on hemodialysis receiving intravenous delafloxacin within 1 hour before and 1 hour after hemodialysis, mean total exposure (AUCt) of delafloxacin was 1.3, 1.6, 1.8, 2.1, and 2.6-fold higher, respectively than that for matched normal control subjects. The mean dialysate clearance (CLd) of delafloxacin was 4.21 L/h (SD 1.56 L/h). After about 4 hours of hemodialysis, the mean fraction of administered delafloxacin recovered in the dialysate was about 19%.
- Following a single oral (400 mg) administration of delafloxacin to subjects with mild (eGFR = 51-80 mL/min/1.73 m2), moderate (eGFR = 31-50mL/min/1.73m2), or severe (eGFR = 15-29 mL/min/1.73m2) renal impairment, the mean total exposure (AUCt) of delafloxacin was about 1.5-fold higher for subjects with moderate and severe renal impairment compared with healthy subjects, whereas total systemic exposures of delafloxacin in subjects with mild renal impairment were comparable with healthy subjects.
- In patients with moderate (eGFR = 31–50 mL/min/1.73 m2), or severe (eGFR = 15–29 mL/min/1.73 m2) renal impairment or ESRD on hemodialysis, accumulation of the intravenous vehicle SBECD occurs. The mean systemic exposure (AUC) increased 2-fold, 5-fold, 7.5-fold, and 27-fold for patients with moderate impairment, severe impairment, ESRD on hemodialysis receiving intravenous delafloxacin within 1 hour before, and 1 hour after hemodialysis respectively, compared to the healthy control group. In subjects with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis, SBECD is dialyzed with a clearance of 4.74 L/h. When hemodialysis occurred 1 hour after the delafloxacin infusion in subjects with ESRD, the mean fraction of SBECD recovered in the dialysate was 56.1% over approximately 4 hours.
Geriatric Patients
- Following single oral administration of 250 mg delafloxacin (approximately 0.6 times the approved recommended oral dose), the mean delafloxacin Cmax and AUC∞ values in elderly subjects (≥ 65 years) were about 35% higher compared to values obtained in young adults (18 to 40 years). This difference is not considered clinically relevant. A population pharmacokinetic analysis of patients with ABSSSI showed no significant impact of age on delafloxacin pharmacokinetics.
Male and Female Patients
- Following single oral administration of 250 mg delafloxacin (approximately 0.6 times the approved recommended oral dose), the mean delafloxacin Cmax and AUC∞ values in male subjects were comparable to female subjects. Results from a population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that females have a 24% lower AUC than males. This difference is not considered clinically relevant.
Drug Interaction Studies
Drug Metabolizing Enzymes
- Delafloxacin at clinically relevant concentrations does not inhibit the cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4/5 in vitro in human liver microsomes. At a delafloxacin concentration (500 µM) well above clinically relevant exposures, the activity of CYP2E1was increased.
- In human hepatocytes, delafloxacin showed no potential for in vitro induction of CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C19, or 2C8 but was a mild inducer of CYP2C9 at a concentration of 100 µM and CYP3A4 at a clinically relevant concentration. Administration of delafloxacin 450 mg every 12 hours for 5 days to healthy male and female subjects (n = 22) prior to and on Day 6 with a single oral 5-mg dose of midazolam (a sensitive CYP3A substrate), did not affect the Cmax and AUC values for midazolam or 1-hydroxy midazolam compared to administration of midazolam alone.
Transporters
- Delafloxacin was not an inhibitor of the following hepatic and renal transporters in vitro at clinically relevant concentrations: MDR1, BCRP, OAT1, OAT3, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, BSEP, OCT1 and OCT2. Delafloxacin was not a substrate of OAT1, OAT3, OCT1, OCT2, OATP1B1 or OATP. Delafloxacin was shown to be a substrate of P-gp and BCRP in vitro. The clinical relevance of co-administration of delafloxacin and P-gp and/or BCRP inhibitors is unknown.
Nonclinical Toxicology
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
- Long-term carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with delafloxacin.
- Delafloxacin was not mutagenic in a bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) assay, and was not clastogenic in a mouse bone marrow micronucleus test at ≥ 15 times the estimated human plasma exposure based on AUC. In an in vitro clastogenicity assay using isolated human lymphocytes, delafloxacin was negative in short incubations (~3 hours) and, at high cytotoxic concentrations (> 1.0 mM), was positive in a long incubation (~19 hours).
- Delafloxacin did not affect the fertility of male and female rats up to the highest intravenous dose tested (120 mg/kg/day); female rats were dosed 2 weeks prior to mating and through gestation day 7 and male rats were treated for 28 days prior to mating and beyond for a total of 58-59 days. AUC in male and female (non-pregnant and pregnant) rats at 120 mg/kg/day delafloxacin intravenous was estimated to be approximately 5 times the estimated human plasma exposure based on AUC in separate intravenous toxicology studies in rats, one of which was a 2-week study that used a different vehicle for delafloxacin than in the fertility study, and another was an 8-day study in nonpregnant and pregnant (gestation day 13) rats that used the same vehicle for delafloxacin as in the fertility study.
Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
- Fluoroquinolone antibacterials are associated with degenerative changes in articular cartilage and arthropathy in skeletally immature animals. In a toxicology study of the formulated tablet in dogs, the femoral head of one of three high dose (480 mg/kg/day) females had minimal focal degeneration of the superficial articular cartilage and a small focal cleft in the articular cartilage. No other joints were examined.
Clinical Studies
Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections
- A total of 1510 adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) were randomized in 2 multicenter, multinational, double-blind, double-dummy, non-inferiority trials. Trial 1 compared delafloxacin 300 mg via intravenous infusion every 12 hours to comparator. In Trial 2, patients received delafloxacin 300 mg via intravenous infusion every12 hours for 6 doses then made a mandatory switch to oral delafloxacin 450 mg every 12 hours. In both studies, the comparator was the intravenous combination of vancomycin 15 mg/kg actual body weight and aztreonam. Aztreonam therapy was discontinued if no gram-negative pathogens were identified in the baseline cultures.
- In Trial 1, 331 patients with ABSSSI were randomized to delafloxacin and 329 patients were randomized to vancomycin plus aztreonam. Patients in this trial had the following infections: cellulitis (39%), wound infection (35%), major cutaneous abscess (25%), and burn infection (1%). The overall mean surface area of the infected lesion as measured by digital planimetry was 307 cm2. The average age of patients was 46 years (range 18 to 94 years). Patients were predominately male (63%) and White (91%); 32% had BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. The population studied in Trial 1 included a distribution of patients with associated comorbidities such as hypertension (21%), diabetes (9%), and renal impairment (16%; 0.2% with severe renal impairment or ESRD). Current or recent history of drug abuse, including IV drug abuse, was reported by 55% of patients. Bacteremia was documented at baseline in 2% of patients.
- In Trial 2, 423 patients were randomized to delafloxacin and 427 patients were randomized to vancomycin plus aztreonam. Patients in this trial had the following infections: cellulitis (48%), wound infection (26%), major cutaneous abscess (25%), and burn infection (1%). The overall mean surface area of the infected lesion, as measured by digital planimetry, was 353 cm2. The average age of patients was 51 years (range 18 to 93 years). Patients were predominately male (63%) and White (83%); 50 % had a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. The population studied in Trial 2 included a distribution of patients with associated comorbidities such as hypertension (31%), diabetes (13%) and renal impairment (16%; 0.2% with severe renal impairment or ESRD). Current or recent history of drug abuse, including IV drug abuse, was reported by 30% of patients. Bacteremia was documented at baseline in 2% of patients.
- In both trials, objective clinical response at 48 to 72 hours post initiation of treatment was defined as a 20% or greater decrease in lesion size as determined by digital planimetry of the leading edge of erythema. Table 5 summarizes the objective clinical response rates in both of these trials.
- In both trials, an investigator assessment of response was made at Follow-up (Day 14 ± 1) in the ITT and CE populations. Success was defined as "cure + improved," where patients had complete or near resolution of signs and symptoms, with no further antibacterial needed. The success rates in the ITT and CE populations are shown in Table 6.
- Six delafloxacin patients had baseline S. aureus bacteremia with ABSSSI. Five of these 6 patients (83.3%) were clinical responders at 48 to 72 hours and 5/6 (83.3%) were considered clinical success for ABSSSI at Day 14 ± 1. Two delafloxacin patients had baseline Gram-negative bacteremia (K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa), and both were clinical responders and successes.
- The investigator assessments of clinical success rates were also similar between treatment groups at Late Follow-up (LFU, day 21-28).
- Objective clinical response and investigator-assessed success by baseline pathogens from the primary infection site or blood cultures for the microbiological ITT (MITT) patient population pooled across Trial 1 and Trial 2 are presented in Table 7.
How Supplied
Delafloxacin for Injection
- Delafloxacin is supplied as a sterile, lyophilized powder in single-dose clear glass vials of 300 mg delafloxacin (equivalent to 433 mg delafloxacin meglumine). The lyophilized powder is a light yellow to tan cake, which may exhibit cracking and shrinkage and slight variation in texture and color.
- They are supplied as follows: 300-mg single-dose vials (NDC 70842-102-01), packaged in cartons of 10 vials (NDC 70842-102-03).
Delafloxacin Tablets
- Delafloxacin Tablets contain 450 mg delafloxacin (equivalent to 649 mg delafloxacin meglumine); each modified capsule-shaped tablet in beige to mottled beige color is debossed with RX3341 on one side. They are supplied as follows:
- Bottles of 20 tablets with child-resistant closure (NDC 70842-101-01)
- Unit dose blister packs which contain 20 tablets (2 blister cards of 10 tablets each) (20 tablet blister pack: NDC 70842-101-02, 10 tablet blister card: NDC 70842-101-03)
Storage
- Delafloxacin Tablets and delafloxacin for Injection should be stored at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F).
- The reconstituted powder may be stored for up to 24 hours under refrigerated or controlled room temperature and then further diluted for intravenous infusion. The reconstituted solution in the infusion bag may be stored under refrigerated or controlled room temperature conditions for up to 24 hours. Do not freeze.
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Patient Counseling Information
- Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling
Serious Adverse Reactions
- Advise patients to stop taking delafloxacin if they experience an adverse reaction and to call their healthcare provider for advice on completing the full course of treatment with another antibacterial drug.
- Inform patients of the following serious adverse reactions that have been associated with delafloxacin or other fluoroquinolone use:
- Disabling and Potentially Irreversible Serious Adverse Reactions that may occur together: Inform patients that disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions, including tendinitis and tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathies, and central nervous system effects, have been associated with use of fluoroquinolones and may occur together in the same patient. Inform patients to stop taking delafloxacin immediately if they experience an adverse reaction and to call their healthcare provider.
- Tendinitis and Tendon Rupture: Instruct patients to contact their healthcare provider if they experience pain, swelling, or inflammation of a tendon, or weakness or inability to use one of their joints; rest and refrain from exercise; and discontinue delafloxacin treatment. Symptoms may be irreversible. The risk of severe tendon disorder with fluoroquinolones is higher in older patients usually over 60 years of age, in patients taking corticosteroid drugs, and in patients with kidney, heart or lung transplants.
- Peripheral Neuropathy: Inform patients that peripheral neuropathies have been associated with delafloxacin use, symptoms may occur soon after initiation of therapy and may be irreversible. If symptoms of peripheral neuropathy including pain, burning, tingling, numbness and/or weakness develop, immediately discontinue delafloxacin and tell them to contact their physician.
- Central Nervous System Effects: (for example, convulsions, dizziness, lightheadedness, increased intracranial pressure): Inform patients that convulsions have been reported in patients receiving fluoroquinolones, Instruct patients to notify their physician before taking this drug if they have a history of convulsions. Inform patients that they should know how they react to delafloxacin before they operate an automobile or machinery or engage in other activities requiring mental alertness and coordination. Instruct patients to notify their physician if persistent headache with or without blurred vision occurs.
- Exacerbation of Myasthenia Gravis: Instruct patients to inform their physician of any history of myasthenia gravis. Instruct patients to notify their physician if they experience any symptoms of muscle weakness, including respiratory difficulties.
- Hypersensitivity Reactions: Inform patients that delafloxacin can cause hypersensitivity reactions, even following a single dose, and to discontinue delafloxacin at the first sign of a skin rash, hives or other skin reactions, a rapid heartbeat, difficulty in swallowing or breathing, any swelling suggesting angioedema (for example, swelling of the lips, tongue, face, tightness of the throat, hoarseness), or other symptoms of an allergic reaction.
- Diarrhea: Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, instruct patients to contact their physician as soon as possible.
- Antibacterial Resistance: Inform patients that antibacterial drugs including delafloxacin Tablets and Injection should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (for example, the common cold). When delafloxacin Tablets and delafloxacin Injection are prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by delafloxacin Tablets and delafloxacin Injection or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Administration with Food and Concomitant Medications
- Inform patients that delafloxacin Tablets may be taken with or without food and without any dietary restrictions
- Inform patients that delafloxacin Tablets should be taken at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after antacids containing magnesium, or aluminum, with sucralfate, with metal cations such as iron, or with multivitamin preparations containing zinc or iron, or with didanosine buffered tablets for oral suspension or the pediatric powder for oral solution.
Precautions with Alcohol
Alcohol-Delafloxacin interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor regarding the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
Brand Names
- Baxdela
Look-Alike Drug Names
There is limited information regarding Delafloxacin Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.
Drug Shortage Status
Drug Shortage
Price
References
The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.