Pneumomediastinum classification

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Pneumomediastinum may be classified according to cause into spontaneous pneumomediastinum and secondary pneumomediastinum. Both the categories have multiple causes.

Classification

Pneumomediastinum is mainly classified according to the cause into 2 groups:[1][2]

  • Spontaneous, also known as idiopathic pneumomediastinum: Predisposing factors are preexisting medical conditions such as asthma, interstitial lung disease, COPD, bronchiectasis, lung cysts, lung malignancy, excessive vomiting.
    • Another cause of sponateous pneumomediastinum is use of tobacco and recreational drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine.
  • Secondary pneumothorax:
    • Iatrogenic: Endoscopic procedures, intubation/extubation, central line placement.
    • Traumatic: Blunt force trauma, penetrating injury.
  • Pneumomediastinum can also be classified according to the entry of air into the mediastinal cavity: Head/neck/upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract, lung, gastrointestinal tract, or external sources. [3]

References

  1. Choudary PV, Deobagkar DN, Rao GR (1986). "Partial purification and properties of the assimilatory nitrate reductase of the food yeast Candida utilis". Microbios. 47 (192–193): 135–47. PMID 3784922.
  2. Rukavishnikova VG, Chistova NM (1969). "[The histologic structure of benign giant cell synoviomas]". Vopr Onkol (in Russian). 15 (3): 46–53. PMID 4332083.
  3. http://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/pulmonary-medicine/non-neoplastic-disorders-of-the-mediastinum-pneumomediastinum/article/661012/

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