Tetanus risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Michael Maddaleni, B.S.; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Clostridium tetani spores can be found in various locations including manure, soil and dust. Inhabitants of developing countries are at a higher risk of acquiring tetanus because of lack of tetanus vaccination and less focus on general hygiene. Various risk factors for tetanus include contaminated wounds, punctured wounds, crushing, burns and working in unhygienic environment.[1][2]
Risk Factors
There are various risk factors that increase the chance of acquiring tetanus. These include:[1][2] [3][4]
- Improper immunization
- Never immunized for tetanus
- No booster after 10 years of last dose
- Presence of a puncture wound
- Simultaneous infection with other pathogens
- Presence of a foreign body, such as a splinter or a nail
- Presence of dead tissue
- Crushing injuries
- Burns
- Limited ischemia
- Working in unhygienic environment
- Hiking in bat caves
- Sports injuries
- Road side accidents
There are many different injuries that can result in tetanus. Some of these injuries include:[1][3]
- Animal bites
- Different types of dental procedures
- Wounds from surgeries
- Infection of umbilical stump in neonates
- Septic abortion
- Male circumcision (specially in subSaharan Africa)
- Crush injuries
- Gunshot wounds
- Puncture wounds
- Burns
- Foot ulcers in diabetic patients
- Ear infections
- Compound fractures
- Injecting drugs
- Self tattooing
Rare Conditions leading to Tetanus
Some rare conditions that can lead to tetanus may include:[5]
- Intra muscular injections
- IV drug abuse
- Chronic sores
- Dental infections
- Superficial clean wounds
- Insect bites
- Imunocompromised (cephalic tetanus)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Del Pilar Morales E, Bertrán Pasarell J, Cardona Rodriguez Z, Almodovar Mercado JC, Figueroa Navarro A (2014). "Cephalic tetanus following penetrating eye trauma: a case report". Bol Asoc Med P R. 106 (2): 25–9. PMID 25065047.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H; et al. (2016). "Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65 (2): 36–7. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5. PMID 26797167.
- ↑ Robert A. Felter & Lauren E. Zinns (2015). "Cephalic Tetanus in an Immunized Teenager: An Unusual Case Report". Pediatric emergency care. 31 (7): 511–513. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000000360. PMID 25853723. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Robert A. Felter & Lauren E. Zinns (2015). "Cephalic Tetanus in an Immunized Teenager: An Unusual Case Report". Pediatric emergency care. 31 (7): 511–513. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000000360. PMID 25853723. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)