Gonorrhea pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

Pathophysiology

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is caused by Neisseria gonorrhea. Neisseria gonorrhea is gram-negative intracellular diplococcus, oxidase-positive, utilizes glucose, but not sucrose, maltose, or lactose. It can infectmucus-secreting epithelial cells both in men and women.

Transmission

The recognized routes of transmission of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae include:

  • Male to female via semen. The transmission rate is estimated to be 50%-70% per episode of vaginal intercourse
  • Female vagina to male urethra. The transmission rate is estimated to be 20% per episode of vaginal intercourse and increases to 60%-80% after 4 or more exposures.
  • Rectal intercourse
  • Fellatio and less commonly cunnilingus can result in pharyngeal gonorrhea
  • Perinatal transmission

Virulence factors

The recognized virulence factors of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae include:

In pregnancy, gonococcus can be transmitted to the fetus at the time of delivery. This results in infection of the conjuctiva. This appears 1 to 4 days after birth as severe discharge with marked swelling and redness of the eyelids and conjunctiva.

Associated Conditions

HIVinfection

Gonorrhea is associated with increased susceptibility to the transmission of HIV infection. It is thought, gonorrhea infections can result in the increase HIV shedding in individuals.

References

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