Cervical polyp

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Polypoid cervical lesion; Cervical polypoid lesion; Polypoid cervical growth

Overview

Cervical polyps are a polypoid growth projecting into the cervical canal. Cervical polyp is the most common cause of intermenstrual vaginal bleeding.


Historical Perspective

  • Cervical polyp was first described by Peterson and Novak in 1956 following the description of endometrial polyps.[1]

Classification

  • Cervical polyps may be classified according to morphological features into 3 subtypes:

Color'

  • Red
  • Purple
  • Flesh-colored

Size

  • Less than 3 cm
  • More than 3 cm

Pedicle

  • Broad-based
  • Pedunculate
  • Other variants of cervical polyp include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].

Pathophysiology

  • The pathogenesis of cervical polyp is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
  • The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of cervical polyp, involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
  • On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of cervical polyp.
  • On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of cervical polyp.

Causes

  • Cervical polyp may be caused by either [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
  • Cervical polyp is caused by a mutation in the [gene1], [gene2], or [gene3] gene[s].
  • There are no established causes for cervical polyp.

Differentiating cervical polyp from other Diseases

  • Cervical polyp must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:
  • [Differential dx1]
  • [Differential dx2]
  • [Differential dx3]

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • The prevalence of cervical polyp is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • In [year], the incidence of cervical polyp was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].

Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop cervical polyp.
  • Cervical polyp is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
  • Cervical polyp is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].

Gender

  • Cervical polyp affects men and women equally.
  • [Gender 1] are more commonly affected with cervical polyp than [gender 2].
  • The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Race

  • There is no racial predilection for cervical polyp.
  • Cervical polyp usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
  • [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop cervical polyp.

Risk Factors

  • Common risk factors in the development of cervical polyp are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

  • The majority of patients with cervical polyp remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
  • Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
  • If left untreated, [#%] of patients with cervical polyp may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
  • Common complications of cervical polyp include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
  • Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10­year mortality/survival rate] of patients with cervical polyp is approximately [#%].

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

  • The diagnosis of cervical polyp is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
  • [criterion 1]
  • [criterion 2]
  • [criterion 3]
  • [criterion 4]

Symptoms

  • Cervical polyp is usually asymptomatic.
  • Symptoms of cervical polyp may include the following:
  • [symptom 1]
  • [symptom 2]
  • [symptom 3]
  • [symptom 4]
  • [symptom 5]
  • [symptom 6]

Physical Examination

  • Patients with cervical polyp usually appear [general appearance].
  • Physical examination may be remarkable for:
  • [finding 1]
  • [finding 2]
  • [finding 3]
  • [finding 4]
  • [finding 5]
  • [finding 6]

Laboratory Findings

  • There are no specific laboratory findings associated with cervical polyp.
  • A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of cervical polyp.
  • An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of cervical polyp.
  • Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of cervical polyp include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

Imaging Findings

  • There are no [imaging study] findings associated with cervical polyp.
  • [Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for cervical polyp.
  • On [imaging study 1], cervical polyp is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
  • [Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

  • Cervical polyp may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
  • Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

  • There is no treatment for cervical polyp; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
  • The mainstay of therapy for cervical polyp is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
  • [Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action1].
  • Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].

Surgery

  • Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for cervical polyp.
  • [Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of cervical polyp.
  • [Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] cervical polyp.

Prevention

  • There are no primary preventive measures available for cervical polyp.
  • Effective measures for the primary prevention of cervical polyp include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
  • Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with cervical polyp are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].

References

  1. Peterson WF, Novak ER. Endometrial polyps. Obstet Gynecol. 1956; 8:40–49.