Incidentaloma epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohammed Abdelwahed M.D[2]
Overview
Prevalence of clinically inapparent adrenal masses is around 2% in autopsy studies. Radiological studies report a frequency of around 3%. The prevalence of adrenal incidentalomas increases with age. The prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma is higher in older patients 10%. There is no racial or gender predilection to incidentaloma.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence and Prevalence
- The incidence and prevalence of adrenal incidentalomas can only be assessed from imaging or autopsy studies.
- Autopsy studies suggest a prevalence of clinically inapparent adrenal masses of around 2% (range 1.0–8.7%).[1]
- Radiological studies report a frequency of around 3% in the age of 50years, which increases up to 10% in the elderly.[2][3]
- Cushing’s syndrome prevalence is not established. A large study found subclinical Cushing’s syndrome in 5.3%.[4]
- Prevalence of pheochromocytoma is 4–7% of incidentalomas.[5]
- Prevalence of hyperaldosteronism is 1.1 to 10%.[6]
- The incidence of primary adrenal carcinoma in patients with adrenal incidentaloma is 2-5%.[7]
- The risk of malignancy over time for masses defined as benign at diagnosis is estimated at about 1/1000, even though 5-25% of masses increase in size during follow-up.[8]
- Hyperfunction develops in about 1.7% of cases and the risk is higher in patients with lesions larger than 3 cm.[8]
- The prevalence is higher in obese, diabetic, and hypertensive patients.[1]
Age
- The prevalence of adrenal incidentalomas increases with age.[1]
- In childhood, adrenal incidentalomas are extremely rare.
- The prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma is higher in older patients 10%.
- It is less than 1% in patients younger than 30 yr of age and up to 7% in patients over age 70.[2]
Race
- There is no racial predilection to incidentaloma.
Gender
- There is no gender predilection to incidentaloma.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Grumbach MM, Biller BM, Braunstein GD, Campbell KK, Carney JA, Godley PA; et al. (2003). "Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma")". Ann Intern Med. 138 (5): 424–9. PMID 12614096.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mansmann G, Lau J, Balk E, Rothberg M, Miyachi Y, Bornstein SR (2004). "The clinically inapparent adrenal mass: update in diagnosis and management". Endocr Rev. 25 (2): 309–40. doi:10.1210/er.2002-0031. PMID 15082524.
- ↑ Bovio S, Cataldi A, Reimondo G, Sperone P, Novello S, Berruti A; et al. (2006). "Prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in a contemporary computerized tomography series". J Endocrinol Invest. 29 (4): 298–302. doi:10.1007/BF03344099. PMID 16699294.
- ↑ Mantero F, Terzolo M, Arnaldi G, Osella G, Masini AM, Alì A; et al. (2000). "A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study Group on Adrenal Tumors of the Italian Society of Endocrinology". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85 (2): 637–44. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.2.6372. PMID 10690869.
- ↑ Mantero F, Masini AM, Opocher G, Giovagnetti M, Arnaldi G (1997). "Adrenal incidentaloma: an overview of hormonal data from the National Italian Study Group". Horm Res. 47 (4–6): 284–9. PMID 9167966.
- ↑ Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, Murad MH, Reincke M, Shibata H; et al. (2016). "The Management of Primary Aldosteronism: Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 101 (5): 1889–916. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-4061. PMID 26934393.
- ↑ Young WF (2000). "Management approaches to adrenal incidentalomas. A view from Rochester, Minnesota". Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 29 (1): 159–85, x. PMID 10732270.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Barzon L, Sonino N, Fallo F, Palu G, Boscaro M (2003). "Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas". Eur J Endocrinol. 149 (4): 273–85. PMID 14514341.