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| __NOTOC__
| | #REDIRECT [[Pitavastatin#Nonclinical Toxicology]] |
| {{Pitavastatin}}
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SS}}
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| ==Nonclinical Toxicology==
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| ===Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility===
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| In a 92-week carcinogenicity study in mice given pitavastatin, at the maximum tolerated dose of 75 mg/kg/day with systemic maximum exposures (AUC) 26 times the clinical maximum exposure at 4 mg/day, there was an absence of drug-related tumors.
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| In a 92-week carcinogenicity study in rats given pitavastatin at 1, 5, 25 mg/kg/day by oral gavage there was a significant increase in the incidence of thyroid follicular cell tumors at 25 mg/kg/day, which represents 295 times human systemic exposures based on AUC at the 4 mg/day maximum human dose.
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| In a 26-week transgenic mouse (Tg rasH2) carcinogenicity study where animals were given pitavastatin at 30, 75, and 150 mg/kg/day by oral gavage, no clinically significant tumors were observed.
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| Pitavastatin was not mutagenic in the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli with and without metabolic activation, the micronucleus test following a single administration in mice and multiple administrations in rats, the unscheduled DNA synthesis test in rats, and a Comet assay in mice. In the chromosomal aberration test, clastogenicity was observed at the highest doses tested which also elicited high levels of cytotoxicity.
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| Pitavastatin had no adverse effects on male and female rat fertility at oral doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg/day, respectively, at systemic exposures 56- and 354-times clinical exposure at 4 mg/day based on AUC.
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| Pitavastatin treatment in rabbits resulted in mortality in males and females given 1 mg/kg/day (30-times clinical systemic exposure at 4 mg/day based on AUC) and higher during a fertility study. Although the cause of death was not determined, rabbits had gross signs of renal toxicity (kidneys whitened) indicative of possible ischemia. Lower doses (15-times human systemic exposure) did not show significant toxicity in adult males and females. However, decreased implantations, increased resorptions, and decreased viability of fetuses were observed.
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| ===Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology===
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| ====Central Nervous System Toxicity====
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| CNS vascular lesions, characterized by perivascular [[hemorrhages]], [[edema]], and mononuclear cell infiltration of perivascular spaces, have been observed in dogs treated with several other members of this drug class. A chemically similar drug in this class produced dose-dependent optic nerve degeneration (Wallerian degeneration of retinogeniculate fibers) in dogs, at a dose that produced plasma drug levels about 30 times higher than the mean drug level in humans taking the highest recommended dose. Wallerian degeneration has not been observed with pitavastatin. Cataracts and lens opacities were seen in dogs treated for 52 weeks at a dose level of 1 mg/kg/day (9 times clinical exposure at the maximum human dose of 4 mg/day based on AUC comparisons.<ref name="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = LIVALO (PITAVASTATIN CALCIUM) TABLET, FILM COATED [KOWA PHARMACEUTICALS AMERICA, INC. ] | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=44dcbf97-99ec-427c-ba50-207e0069d6d2 | publisher = | date = | accessdate = 14 February 2014 }}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| {{statins}}
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| [[Category:Statins]]
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| [[Category:Quinolines]]
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| [[Category:Diols]]
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| [[Category:Carboxylic acids]]
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| [[Category:Organofluorides]]
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| [[Category:Cyclopropanes]]
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| [[Category:Cardiovascular Drugs]]
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| [[Category:Drugs]]
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