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<tr><td>RHC</td><td>Q 6 to Q 12 months or clinical deterioration</td></tr>
<tr><td>RHC</td><td>Q 6 to Q 12 months or clinical deterioration</td></tr>
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==Management==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | |A01= Characterize the symptoms: <br> Fever <br> Hypothermia <br> Altered mental status <br> Mottling <br> Ileus <br> oliguria }}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | |B01= Examine the patient: <br> Tachycardia <br> Tachypnea <br> Edema <br> Hyperglycemia <br> Hypotension after an initial 30 ml/Kg bolus <br> Decreased capillary refill  }}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | | | |C01=Order labs: <br> Random blood sugar (RBS) <br> Complete blood count (CBC) <br> Plasma C reactie protein (CRP) <br> Plasma procalcitonin <br> Pulse oximetry <br> Urinalysis/Renal function tests <br> PT/INR <br> Liver function tests <br> Serum lactate <br> Central venous pressure (CVP) }}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | D01 | | | | | | | | | | |D01=Consider alternative diagnosis: <br> Infections <br> Acute pancreatitis <br> Diabetic ketoacidosis <br> Lower gastrointestinal bleeding <br> Myocardial infarction }}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | E01 | | | | | | | | | | |E01=Initial resuscitation: Goals to achieve in first 6 hours <br> CVP 8-12 mm Hg <br> Mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥ 65 mm Hg <br> Urine output ≥ 0/5 mL/Kg/hr <br> Central venous O<sub>2</sub> sat. 70% }}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | F01 | | | | | | | | | | |F01=Diangosis: <br> 2 sets of blood cultures (aerobic and anaerobic) atleast, before starting antibiotics <br>
:# Drawn percutaneously <br>
:# Drawn through each vascular access device present for > 48 hours <br>
1,3 beta-D_glucan assay, mannan, anti-mannan antibody assay if available <br> Imaging studies as appropriate to locate a source }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | G01 | | | | | | | | | | |G01=Antimicrobial therapy: <br> Initiate within 1st hour of diagnosis <br> Daily reassessment of regimen <br> Low procalitonin level for prognosis <br> Usual duration of therapy 10 days <br> Longer in neutropenics, slow responders, undrainable foci, immunologically compromised }}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | H01 | | | | | | | | | | |H01=Choice of antibiotics }}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | I01 | | I02 | | I03 | | I04 | | I05 | | |I01=Unknown organism <br> Empiric therapy with broad spectrum antbiotic with good tissue penetrance |I02= Neutropenic pt with severe sepsis (goal is to cover Acinetobacter & Pseudomonas spp) <br> Use combination empirical therapy |I03=Severe infections + resp failure + septic shock <br> Extended spectrum beta lactam and aminoglycoside/fluoroquinolone |I04= Streptococcus pneumoniae <br> Beta lactam + macrolide |I05=Culture specific organism <br> Shift to appropriate anti-bacterial, antiviral or antifungal  }}
{{familytree | |`|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|'| | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | J01 | | | | | | | | | |J01=Remove source/foci of infection: <br> Use minimally invasive process <br> Source removal best done in first 12 hours <br> Remove intravascular access devices if they are a possible source
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Oral chlorhexidine gluconate to reduce oral contamination as a risk factor for ventilator associated pneumonia }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | K01 | | | | | | | | | |K01=Hemodynamic support <br> Fluid therapy: <br>Administer crystalloids, albumin when demand for fluids is too high <br>Use dynamic variables (change in pulse pressure, stroke volume) and static variables (arterial pressure,heart rate) to assess status
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Vasopressors (to achieve target MAP 65 mm Hg): <br> Place arterial line as soon as feasible <br>Administer norepinephrine as 1st choice drug <br>Use epinephrine - when additional agent needed <br>Use vasopressin 0.03 units/minute to raise MAP or decrease norepinephrine usage <br> Selective dopamine (absolute or relative bradycardia) and phenyephrine usage
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Inotropic therapy: <br> Trial of dobutamine infusion 20 μg/Kg if cardiac output low with elevated cardiac filling pressure }}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | L01 | | | | | | | | | |L01=Corticosteroids: <br> Use continuous flow IV hydrocortisone 200 mg/day if shock doesn’t improve with fluids & vasopressor <br> Taper when vasopressors no longer required }}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | M01 | | | | | | | | | |M01=Blood products: <br>Transfuse blood when hemoglobin < 7.0 g/dL <br>Transfuse platelets if < 10,000/mm<sup>3</sup> or < 20,000/mm<sup>3</sup> in those with high risk }}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | N01 | | | | | | | | | |N01=Mechanical ventilation for sepsis induced ARDS <br> Target tidal volume of 6 mL/Kg <br> Target plateau pressure ≤ 30 mm Hg <br> Use PEEP (positive end expiratory pressure) to avoid alveolar collapse <br> Raise patients bed to 30-45° <br> Attempt weaning when all foll criteria are met: <br>
:# Pt arousable
:# Hemodynamics stable
:# No new complications
:# Low ventilatory/fiO<sub>2</sub> requirements <br>
Extubate when weaning successful}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | O01 | | | | | | | | | |O01=Other supportive therapy <br> Sedation & neuromuscular blockade: <br> Use minimal sedation/neuromuscular blockade in mechanically ventilated patients
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Glucose control: <br> Blood glucose target value should be ≤ 180 mg/dL <br> Use insulin infusion and 1-2 hourly monitoring to achieve target
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Renal replaement therapy: <br> May be used for management of fluid balance in hemodynamically unstable patients <br> Use for septic patients with acute renal failure
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DVT prophylaxis: <br> Do pharmacoprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), if no contraindications present <br> Use pneumatic compression devices whenever possible
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Stress ulcer prophylaxis <br> Consider prophylaxis if risk factors are present
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Feeding: <br> Enteral & oral feeding preferred over total parenteral feeding (TPN) <br> Adjust calorie requirement in subsequent days, as tolerated
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Goals of care: <br> Discuss goals or care, patient aspirations and future directives with family with 72 hours of admission  }}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree/end}}

Revision as of 17:48, 29 January 2014

DrugAdult dosage
Inhaled Short Acting β Agonists (SABA)
Albuterol/Bitolterol/Pirbuterol
a) Nebulizer solution
b) MDI

♦ 2.5-5 mg every 20 minutes for 3 doses, then 2.5-10 mg every 1-4 hours as needed or 10-15 mg/hour continuously.
♦ 4-8 puffs every 20 mins upto 4 hours, then every 1-4 hours as needed.
Levalbuterol
a) Nebulizer solution
b) MDI

♦ 1.25-2.5 mg every 20 mins for 3 doses, then 1.25-5 mg every 1-4 hours as needed.
♦ 4-8 puffs every 20 mins upto 4 hours, then every 1-4 hours as needed.
Anticholinergics
Ipratropium bromide
a) Nebulizer solution
b) MDI

♦ 0.5 mg every 20 mins for 3 doses, then as needed.
♦ 8 puffs every 20 mins as needed for upto 3 hours.
Ipratropium with albuterol
a) Nebulizer solution (each 3 ml containing 0.5 mg ipratropium and 2.5 mg albuterol)
b) MDI (each puff contains 18 mcg ipratropium and 90 mcg albuterol)

♦ 3 ml every 20 mins for 3 doses, then as needed.
♦ 8 puffs every 20 mins as needed for 3 hours
Systemic corticosteroids
Prednisone/Prednisolone/Methylprednisolone ♦ 40-80 mg/day in 1 or 2 divided doses until peak expiratory flowrate (PEF) reaches 70% of personal best.


Clinical courseUnstable
Physical examination Signs of heart failure
Functional class IV
6MWD Less than 400 m
EchocardiogramRV Enlargement
HemodynamicsRAP high
CI low
BNPElevated/Increasing
TreatmentIntravenous prostacyclin and/or combination treatment
Frequency of evaluation Q 1 to Q 3 months
FC assessment Every clinic visit
6MWT Every clinic visit
Echocardiogram2Q 6 to Q 12 months/center dependent
BNPcenter dependent
RHCQ 6 to Q 12 months or clinical deterioration