Lisch nodule

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Swathi Venkatesan, M.B.B.S.[2]

Synonyms and keywords: Sakurai-lisch nodule

Historical Perspective

• Neurofibromatosis (NF), a disease described in 1882 by Friedrich Daniel Von Recklinghausen.
• NF is a neuroectodermal abnormality constituted by a set of clinical symptoms that compromise the skin, nervous system, bones, eyes and other sites.
• Lisch Nodules were named after the infamous Austrian ophthalmologist Karl Lisch (1907-1999).
• Lisch was a well known ophthalmologist; his patients came from all parts of Austria, Germany, and Italy. In the region of North Tyrol he was called "Ophthalmological Pope".
• Besides general ophthalmology, Lisch was interested in scientific research. He published more than 120 scientific papers in German science journals.
• In 1937, Karl Lisch published an article on the iris hamartomas and their association with neurofibromatosis 1, now known as "Lisch nodules", while at the University Eye Clinic in Munich.
• Lisch'a article described his observations in 3 patients with neurofibromatosis
  • Patient 1: a 39 year old male who had been affected with several nodules and pigmented lesions on the skin, typical of neurofibromatosis, since the age of 15 years. His mother and his sisters had a similar disorder. Lisch observed several brown nodules on the surface of the iris. The nodules could be seen even without the slit lamp due to the greyish-blue color of the iris.
  • Patient 2: 27 year old patient with similar cutaneous and iris lesions could be detected along with a family history of neurofibromatosis. In comparison to the first patient the iris nodules were much more pigmented.
  • Patient 3: a 44 year old male suffered form bilateral optic nerve gliomas with chiasmal involvement. The slit lamp examination revealed tiny iris nodules in both eyes.

Pathophysiology

• A hamartoma is defined as a benign tumor or nodular growth that is composed of proliferating mature histologically normal cells that normally reside at the affected tissue
  • In ophthalmic jargon, iris hamartomas traditionally refer to Lisch nodules which are encountered in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).
• NF1 is due to mutations in the NF1 gene, located at chromosome 17q11.2
• Neurofibromin, the protein product encoded by the gene, is expressed in many tissues, including brain, kidney, spleen, and thymus
• Mutations in the NF1 gene result in loss of production or reduced function of protein; this causes a wide spectrum of clinical findings, including NF1-associated tumors
• Histopathologically, Lisch nodules are composed of melanocytes and spindle cells, usually concentrated on the superficial layers of the iris stroma.
• The spindle cells are larger than the normal iris melanocytes.
• Immunohistochemical studies show positive reaction against vimentin, smooth muscle actin and neuron specific enolase.

Lisch nodule differential diagnosis

The differential diagnosis of Lisch nodules must include:

• Iris mamillations
• Irido-corneo-endothelial syndrome
• Rieger's anomaly or syndrome
• Iris nevi
• Melanoma
• Inflammatory conditions
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Lepra
  • Tuberculosis
  • Syphilis

Epidemiology and Demographics

• NF1 is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder with an incidence of approximately 1 in 2600 to 3000 individuals.
  • Approximately one-half of the cases are familial (inherited)
  • The remainder are the result of de novo (sporadic) mutations.
  • The de novo mutations occur primarily in paternally derived chromosomes, and the likelihood of de novo NF1 increases with advanced paternal age
• Lisch nodules are predominantly visible in children usually after the age of six years.
• Lisch Nodule incidence in NF1 increases with age and their prevalence raises by about 10% per year of life, up to age 9.
• Lisch nodules are found in 93% of adults with NF-1 but have not been described in NF-2.
• Lisch Nodules may be found in a very limited number of individuals without NF.
• Multiple Lisch nodules appear to be found only in patients with peripheral neurofibromatosis (neurofibromatosis type 1, or von Recklinghausen's disease), an autosomal disorder with a prevalence of 1 in 3500.

Risk Factors

• The biggest risk factor for neurofibromatosis is a family history of the disorder.
  • NF1 and NF2 are both autosomal dominant disorders, which means that any child of a parent with the disorder has a 50 percent chance of inheriting the genetic mutation.
  • About half of people with NF1 and NF2 inherited the disease from the affected parent.
• People with NF1 and NF2 that don't have affected relatives likely have a new gene mutation.
• Neurofibromatosis is caused by genetic defects (mutations) that either are passed on by a parent or occur spontaneously at conception.
  • The NF1 gene is located on chromosome 17. This gene produces a protein called neurofibromin that helps regulate cell growth. The mutated gene causes a loss of neurofibromin, which allows cells to grow uncontrolled.
  • The NF2 gene is located on chromosome 22, and produces a protein called merlin (also called schwannomin), which suppresses tumors. The mutated gene causes a loss of merlin, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
  • Two genes are known to cause schwannomatosis. Mutations of the genes SMARCB1 and LZTR1, which suppress tumors, are associated with this type of neurofibromatosis.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3] Swathi Venkatesan, M.B.B.S.[4]

• The prognosis is excellent for eyes that contain iris Lisch nodules, unless associated with other ocular lesions including optic nerve gliomas and epiretinal membranes.
• NF1 and NF2 vary based on location of chromosome mutation, tumor type and location, non-tumor manifestations and management techniques; however, clinical presentations of both subtypes may overlap, making diagnosis difficult
• Both NF1 and NF2 are acquired through an inherited autosomal dominant transmission or sporadic mutation, with presentation of NF1 more common than NF2.
• Therefore, members of the same family with NF may have different disease presentations from each other, as they do not always carry the same gene mutations.
• Lisch nodules rarely cause ocular complications and patients are typically asymptomatic
• NF patients may also present with plexiform neurofibroma, retinal tumors and optic nerve pathway gliomas as optical lesions

Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [5] Swathi Venkatesan, M.B.B.S.[6]

History & Symptoms

Diagnostic Criteria for neurofibromatosis 1

(NIH consensus development conference 1988)

• 6 or more café au lait macules (>0.5 cm in children or >1.5 cm in adults)
• 2 or more cutaneous/subcutaneous neurofibromas or one plexiform neurofibroma
• Axillary or groin freckling
• Optic pathway glioma
• 2 or more Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas seen on slit lamp examination)
• Bony dysplasia (sphenoid wing dysplasia, bowing of long bone ± pseudarthrosis)
• First degree relative with NF1

The diagnosis is based on clinical assessment and two or more of the features are required.

Lisch Nodule Physical Examination Findings

• Lisch nodules occur in 90% of adults with neurofibromatosis 1.
• Eye-findings include orange-brown colored specks.
• They are usually elevated and tan in appearance.
• These are benign hamartomas that can be seen without magnification.
• Also known as melanocytic hamartomas of the iris, often associated with neurofibromatosis (NF) I
• Other associated ophthalmologic findings are optic gliomas
  • Optic gliomas can alter color vision and can produce progressive sight loss

Lisch nodule Diagnostic Studies

• On slit-lamp examination, they have a smooth, dome-shaped appearance and are usually light brown, although some can be very pale.
• Slit lamp examination can differentiate them from nevi on the iris by demonstrating elevated lesion instead of flat ones.
• Lisch nodules develop during childhood, after the appearance of café-au-lait spots but before peripheral neurofibromas
• This is useful in confirming the diagnosis of NF1 in children with no family history and only multiple café-au-lait spots

Treatment

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [7] Swathi Venkatesan, M.B.B.S.[8]

Medical Therapy

• There is no treatment for the underlying disease nor any necessity to treat these small benign lesions which do not interfere with visual function, but lifelong monitoring is necessary because of the widespread manifestations and serious threat of complications such as visual impairment, renal hypertension and ischemia of major organs.

Case Studies

Case #1