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==Evidence-based management==
==Evidence-based management==
Evidence-based management (EBMgt) has been advocated to improve management practices<ref>Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and Robert I. Sutton. "[https://hbr.org/2006/01/evidence-based-management Evidence-based management]." Harvard business review 84.1 (2006): 62.</ref> and management<ref>Kelloway, E. K. (2017). Toward evidence-based practice in organizational wellbeing. In The Routledge Companion to Wellbeing at Work. Routledge Handbooks Online. {{doi|10.4324/9781315665979.ch6}}</ref>. This is based on the success of [[evidence-based medicine]] and has been called the management-as-medicine motif (MAMM)<ref name="Morrell">Morrell, Kevin, and Mark Learmonth. "Evidence-based management." The Oxford Handbook of Management (2017): 419. {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198708612.013.21}}</ref>. Concern about the approach of EBMgt has been based on a [[Cochrane Collaboration]] review of nursing turnover<ref name="pmid25133355">{{cite journal| author=Webster J, Flint A| title=Exit interviews to reduce turnover amongst healthcare professionals. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2014 | volume=  | issue= 8 | pages= CD006620 | pmid=25133355 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006620.pub5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25133355  }} </ref> that focused only on randomized data<ref name="Morrell"/>.
Evidence-based management (EBMgt) has been advocated to improve management practices<ref>Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and Robert I. Sutton. "[https://hbr.org/2006/01/evidence-based-management Evidence-based management]." Harvard business review 84.1 (2006): 62.</ref> and measurement<ref>Kelloway, E. K. (2017). Toward evidence-based practice in organizational wellbeing. In The Routledge Companion to Wellbeing at Work. Routledge Handbooks Online. {{doi|10.4324/9781315665979.ch6}}</ref>. This is based on the success of [[evidence-based medicine]] and has been called the management-as-medicine motif (MAMM)<ref name="Morrell">Morrell, Kevin, and Mark Learmonth. "Evidence-based management." The Oxford Handbook of Management (2017): 419. {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198708612.013.21}}</ref>. Concern about the approach of EBMgt has been based on a [[Cochrane Collaboration]] review of nursing turnover<ref name="pmid25133355">{{cite journal| author=Webster J, Flint A| title=Exit interviews to reduce turnover amongst healthcare professionals. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2014 | volume=  | issue= 8 | pages= CD006620 | pmid=25133355 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006620.pub5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25133355  }} </ref> that focused only on randomized data<ref name="Morrell"/>.


[[Systematic review]]s have been encouraged as alternative to narrative reviews for summarizing evidence in business and management research.<ref>Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence‐informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British journal of management, 14(3), 207-222. {{doi|10.1111/1467-8551.00375}}</ref>
[[Systematic review]]s have been encouraged as alternative to narrative reviews for summarizing evidence in business and management research.<ref>Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence‐informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British journal of management, 14(3), 207-222. {{doi|10.1111/1467-8551.00375}}</ref>

Revision as of 06:46, 3 June 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Robert G. Badgett, M.D.[2]

Leadership is "the function of directing or controlling the actions or attitudes of an individual or group with more or less willing acquiescence of the followers".[1]

Leadership development in health care is perceived as being many years behind that of other industries.[2]

Evidence-based management

Evidence-based management (EBMgt) has been advocated to improve management practices[3] and measurement[4]. This is based on the success of evidence-based medicine and has been called the management-as-medicine motif (MAMM)[5]. Concern about the approach of EBMgt has been based on a Cochrane Collaboration review of nursing turnover[6] that focused only on randomized data[5].

Systematic reviews have been encouraged as alternative to narrative reviews for summarizing evidence in business and management research.[7]

Selection and development of leaders

Narcissism may be selected for.[8][9]

Dunning-Kruger effect in hospital administrators[10]

The selection for narcissism may be related to the Dunning-Kruger effect which has been noted to occur in the self-assessment of leadership skills.[10][11][12][13][14]

Individuals with promotive voices rather than a prohibitive voice are more likely to become leaders.[15]

"Emergent leaders showed a higher amount of active gestures and less passive facial expressions than non-leaders" according to eye-tracking studies of teams.[16]

Masters in Business Administration

CEOs with a MBA may[17][18] or may not[19] underperform other CEOs due to emphasizing short-term business outcomes[20] rather than sustainability.[21]

Humility

The harm of narcissism in leaders may be mitigated by humility[22] However, humility may not be effective in teams that expect a high power distance or expect dominating leaders.[23]

Leadership styles related to worksite climate

Leadership style affects work climate.

Leadership styles in health care may affect institutional finances, specifically operating margins.[24]

Early categorization of leadership styles was by Lewin in 1938 who labeled styles as autocratic, democratic.[25]

The terms transactional and transformation were introduced by Weber in 1947.[26] Weber said the charismatic leader was a transformer and the bureaucratic leader was transactional.

Similar concepts are Theory X and Theory Y management by Douglas McGregor in 1960[27]. Theory X is transactional and Theory Y is transformational.

The concept of transactional versus transformation leadership was using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) first proposed by Bass in 1978.[28]

Measurement of transactional versus transformation leadership using the was first proposed by Bass in 1985.[29]

Bass added the concept of laissez-faire leadership in 1997.[30][31]

Leadership styles may effect burnout of employees[32] and leaders themselves.[33][34].

Laissez-faire

Laissez-faire may be the most common of the destructive leadership patterns[35].

Laissez-faire, in health care, is associated with low subordinate job satisfaction and effort.[36]

Among physicians, management by passive exception and laissez-faire and may overlap.[37]

Transactional

When converting from transactional to empowering leadership, teams may transiently function more slowly.[38]

Management by exception: active

Management by exception: passive

Among physicians, management by passive exception and laissez-faire and may overlap and management by passive exception may be within laissez-faire.[37]

Transformational

This style may be the most effective in healthcare on employee responses and clinical outcomes.[39]

Transformational leadership may increase employee thriving and decrease burnout.[40]

Transformational style may better promote team learning behaviors than a transactional style.[41]

Transformational leadership may build on transactional leadership, "for transformational leadership to be effective,the leader must first build trust and follower responsiveness on the basis of tangible, transactional processes perceived as fair."[36]

Enabling or Empowering leadership

Enabling leadership attempts to bridge the needs to innovate and to produce[42][43]. Enabling leadership is based on complexity leadership theory.

Empowering leadership is defined variably[44][45][46] but includes:

  • Autonomy support[47]. Autonomy adds to mastery.[47] Perceived autonomy is associated with less burnout.[48]

Similar concepts are[49]:

  • Gardener leadership[50]
  • Servant leadership[51]
  • Three types that focus on giving employees decision making but may not include giving employees information to guide their decision making.
    • Shared LeadershipD’Innocenzo, L., Mathieu, J. E., & Kukenberger, M. R. (2016). A Meta-Analysis of Different Forms of Shared Leadership–Team Performance Relations. Journal of Management, 42(7), 1964–1991. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314525205

[52]

    • Participative Leadership
    • Democratic leadership

Empowering leadership may be compatible with AGILE development, which may conflict with command and control leadership[53].

Two contradictory faces of empowerment are [54]:

  • Enabling
  • Burdening

Compared to transformational leadership, in leadership the leader's focus is on the employees rather than the organization.[55]

The World Health Organization recommends as one of 4 reforms needed for primary health care, “leadership reforms need to steer away from either ‘command and control’ or ‘laissez-faire disengagement’ towards a participatory style”[56]

In health care administration, physician leaders have difficulty relinquishing control and feel threatened by empowering others[57].

Outcomes and consequences

Empowering leadership is associated with:

  • Performance, organizational citizenship behavior, and creativity according to a meta-analysis as compared transformational leadership and leader–member exchange[58]
  • Creativity and innovative behavior (ρ = .36), contextual performance (ρ = .33), withdrawal behaviors (ρ = .28), and job performance (ρ = .25) according to a meta-analysis.[59]
  • Increased employee intrinsic motivation and creativity[60]
  • Increased productivity by implementing Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) as compared to initiating operational improvements[61]
  • Increased knowledge sharing and team efficacy which led to increased performance.[62]
  • Increases work engagement via work meaningfulness[63] or empowering leadership has been proposed for healthcare.[64][65][66]

Servant leadership behavior may be more effective than narcissism[67]

Measuring empowerment

The Empowering Leadership Questionnaire (ELQ) has been proposed to measure this style.[68] The ELQ measures either categories:

  1. Coaching
  2. Informing. Examination of the 6 questions in this scale suggest informing here does not fit with information sharing as proposed by complexity science.
  3. Leading By Example
  4. Showing Concern/Interacting with the Team
  5. Participative Decision-Making

Religion and faith in leadership

The role of religion and faith in leadership is being increasingly explored[69][70].


Leadership tactics related to worksite innovation

(see enabling leadership above)

Innovation can be classified as[71][72]:

  • "Inbound OI involves identifying and acquiring knowledge from external sources"
  • "Outbound OI involves exploitation of a firm’s knowledge and technology through commercialization in the external market"

Organizational cultural influences on innovation has been systematically reviewed[73]. Cultural attributes include:

  • Learning culture
  • Adhocracy culture
  • Clan rather than hierarchical culture
  • Low power distance culture

Complexity science has been proposed as a framework for health care organization since early this century.[74][75]

Complexity leadership theory describes three forms of leadership[76]:

  • Adaptive leadership
  • Administrative leadership
  • Enabling leadership

Anderson and McDaniel proposed in 2000 that key leadership tasks are[74][77]:

  1. Relationship building
  2. Loose coupling
  3. Complicating
  4. Diversifying
  5. Sense making
  6. Learning
  7. Improvising
  8. Thinking about the future

A model of of learning based on complexity science has been developed.[78]

Complexity Leadership Theory, also called Complex systems leadership theory, was proposed in 2006.[79][80][81] Based on this theory, Hazy has proposed leadership skills similar to Anderson and McDaniel:[82]

  1. Generative
  2. Administrative
  3. Community-building
  4. Information gathering
  5. Information using

Uhl-Bien has proposed that tasks of enabling leadership, which is an outgrowth of complexity leadership are[83]:

  • Brokerage - fostering of ideas that are triggered at the intersection of networks
  • Leveraging Adaptive Tension
  • Linking Up - "Creating or energizing network connections that enable information flows, or amplify movements, to feed and fuel emergence."
  • Tags and Attractors - "Listening for language (messages, stories) and symbols (pictures, objects) that ‘stick’ in a system and attract energy & using them to create tags to amplify and channel emergence"
  • Simple Rules
  • Network Closure

Complexity Leadership Theory is consistent with open book management.

Complexity Leadership Theory may be seen as an evolution of Heifetz's adaptive leadership[84]

Complexity Leadership Theory is consistent with knowledge-oriented leadership, which is defined as "an attitude or action, observed or imputed, that prompts the creation, sharing, and utilization of new knowledge in a way that seems to bring a shift in thinking and collective outcomes."[71] These leadership tactics can be measured with 3 concepts:

  • Knowledge-oriented Leadership
  • Knowledge Management Capability (technological, structural, cultural, application, acqusition, sharing)
    • Example: cultural (highest loading questions):
      • My organization takes advantage of new knowledge.
      • My organization quickly applies knowledge to critical competitive needs.
      • My organization quickly links sources of knowledge in solving problems.
  • Open Innovation

Complications of leadership

Power may lead cerebral changes in those given power[85]. This may lead to hubristic syndrome[86]

.

See also


References

  1. ↑ Anonymous (2024), Leadership (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  2. ↑ McAlearney, Ann Scheck. "Leadership development in healthcare: a qualitative study." Journal of Organizational Behavior 27.7 (2006): 967-982. doi:10.1002/job.417
  3. ↑ Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and Robert I. Sutton. "Evidence-based management." Harvard business review 84.1 (2006): 62.
  4. ↑ Kelloway, E. K. (2017). Toward evidence-based practice in organizational wellbeing. In The Routledge Companion to Wellbeing at Work. Routledge Handbooks Online. doi:10.4324/9781315665979.ch6
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Morrell, Kevin, and Mark Learmonth. "Evidence-based management." The Oxford Handbook of Management (2017): 419. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198708612.013.21
  6. ↑ Webster J, Flint A (2014). "Exit interviews to reduce turnover amongst healthcare professionals". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (8): CD006620. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006620.pub5. PMID 25133355.
  7. ↑ Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence‐informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British journal of management, 14(3), 207-222. doi:10.1111/1467-8551.00375
  8. ↑ Mayo. If humble people make better leaders, why do we fall for charismatic narcissists. Harvard Business Review. 2017
  9. ↑ Brunell AB, Gentry WA, Campbell WK, Hoffman BJ, Kuhnert KW, Demarree KG (2008). "Leader emergence: the case of the narcissistic leader". Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 34 (12): 1663–76. doi:10.1177/0146167208324101. PMID 18794326.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Van Velsor, E., Taylor, S., & Leslie, J. B. (1993). An examination of the relationships among self‐perception accuracy, self‐awareness, gender, and leader effectiveness. Human Resource Management, 32(2‐3), 249-263. doi:10.1002/hrm.3930320205
  11. ↑ Giambatista, Robert C., and J. Duane Hoover. "An Exploration of Overconfidence in Experiential Learning of Behavioral Skills among MBA Students." Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning 41 (2014).
  12. ↑ Bass, Bernard M.; Yammarino, Francis J. (1991). "Congruence of Self and Others' Leadership Ratings of Naval Officers for Understanding Successful Performance". Applied Psychology. Wiley-Blackwell. 40 (4): 437–454. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1991.tb01002.x. ISSN 0269-994X.
  13. ↑ Atwater, Leanne E., and Francis J. Yammarino. "Does self‐other agreement on leadership perceptions moderate the validity of leadership and performance predictions?." Personnel Psychology 45.1 (1992): 141-164. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1992.tb00848.x
  14. ↑ Sheldon, Oliver J., David Dunning, and Daniel R. Ames. "Emotionally unskilled, unaware, and uninterested in learning more: Reactions to feedback about deficits in emotional intelligence." Journal of Applied Psychology 99.1 (2014): 125. doi:10.1037/a0034138
  15. ↑ McClean, Elizabeth, et al. "The social consequences of voice: An examination of voice type and gender on status and subsequent leader emergence." Academy of Management Journal (2017): amj-2016. doi:10.5465/amj.2016.0148
  16. ↑ Gerpott, F. H., Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., Silvis, J. D., & Van Vugt, M. (2017). In the eye of the beholder? An eye-tracking experiment on emergent leadership in team interactions. The Leadership Quarterly. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.11.003
  17. ↑ Miller, D., Xu, X., & Mehrotra, V. (2015). When is human capital a valuable resource? The performance effects of Ivy League selection among celebrated CEOs. Strategic Management Journal, 36(6), 930-944. doi:10.1002/smj.2251
  18. ↑ Miller, D., & Xu, X. (2016). A fleeting glory: Self-serving behavior among celebrated MBA CEOs. Journal of Management Inquiry, 25(3), 286-300. doi:10.1177/1056492615607975
  19. ↑ King, T., Srivastav, A., & Williams, J. (2016). What's in an education? Implications of CEO education for bank performance. Journal of Corporate Finance, 37, 287-308. doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.01.003
  20. ↑ Miller, D., & Xu, X. (2017). MBA CEOs, Short-Term Management and Performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-16. doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3450-5
  21. ↑ Miller, D. (2017). Business education and executive opportunism-The case of MBAs. Revue française de gestion. doi:10.3166/rfg.2017.00143
  22. ↑ Owens, B. P., Wallace, A. S., & Waldman, D. A. (2015). Leader narcissism and follower outcomes: The counterbalancing effect of leader humility. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(4), 1203. doi:10.1037/a0038698
  23. ↑ Hu, J., Erdogan, B., Jiang, K., Bauer, T. N., & Liu, S. (2018). Leader humility and team creativity: The role of team information sharing, psychological safety, and power distance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(3), 313–323. doi:10.1037/apl0000277
  24. ↑ Crowe D, Garman AN, Li CC, Helton J, Anderson MM, Butler P (2017). "Leadership development practices and hospital financial outcomes". Health Serv Manage Res. 30 (3): 140–147. doi:10.1177/0951484817702564. PMID 28391712.
  25. ↑ Lewin, Kurt, and Ronald Lippitt. “An Experimental Approach to the Study of Autocracy and Democracy: A Preliminary Note.” Sociometry, vol. 1, no. 3/4, 1938, pp. 292–300. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2785585.
  26. ↑ Weber, Max, Alexander Morell Henderson, and Talcott Parsons. "The theory of social and economic organization, 1st Amer." (1947). ISBN 0684836408
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  28. ↑ Burns, J. M. G. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
  29. ↑ Bass, MB (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
  30. ↑ Bass MB. The Future of Leadership in Learning Organizations. J of Leadership & Organizational Studies 2000 doi:10.1177%2F107179190000700302
  31. ↑ Bass, Bernard M. "Does the transactional–transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries?." American psychologist 52.2 (1997): 130. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.52.2.130
  32. ↑ Shanafelt TD, Gorringe G, Menaker R, Storz KA, Reeves D, Buskirk SJ; et al. (2015). "Impact of organizational leadership on physician burnout and satisfaction". Mayo Clin Proc. 90 (4): 432–40. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.01.012. PMID 25796117.
  33. ↑ Courtright SH, Colbert AE, Choi D (2014). "Fired up or burned out? How developmental challenge differentially impacts leader behavior". J Appl Psychol. 99 (4): 681–96. doi:10.1037/a0035790. PMID 24490967.
  34. ↑ Arnold KA, Connelly CE, Walsh MM, Ginis KA (2015). "Leadership styles, emotion regulation, and burnout". J Occup Health Psychol. 20 (4): 481–90. doi:10.1037/a0039045. PMID 25844908.
  35. ↑ Aasland; Merethe Schanke; Skogstad; Anders; Notelaers; Guy; Nielsen, Morten Birkeland; & Einarsen, Ståle. (2010). The Prevalence of Destructive Leadership Behaviour. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 438–452. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2009.00672.x
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Xirasagar S, Samuels ME, Stoskopf CH (2005). "Physician leadership styles and effectiveness: an empirical study". Med Care Res Rev. 62 (6): 720–40. doi:10.1177/1077558705281063. PMID 16330822.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Xirasagar S (2008). "Transformational, transactional among physician and laissez-faire leadership among physician executives". J Health Organ Manag. 22 (6): 599–613. doi:10.1108/14777260810916579. PMID 19579573.
  38. ↑ Lorinkova NM, Pearsall MJ, Sims HP. Examining the Differential Longitudinal Performance of Directive versus Empowering Leadership in Teams. ACAD MANAGE J. 2013 Apr 1;56(2):573–96.
  39. ↑ Spinelli RJ (2006). "The applicability of Bass's model of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership in the hospital administrative environment". Hosp Top. 84 (2): 11–8. doi:10.3200/HTPS.84.2.11-19. PMID 16708688.
  40. ↑ Hildenbrand K, Sacramento CA, Binnewies C (2016). "Transformational Leadership and Burnout: The Role of Thriving and Followers' Openness to Experience". J Occup Health Psychol. doi:10.1037/ocp0000051. PMID 27631555.
  41. ↑ Raes, Elisabeth, et al. "Facilitating team learning through transformational leadership." Instructional Science 41.2 (2013): 287-305. doi:10.1007/s11251-012-9228-3
  42. ↑ Uhl-Bien, M., & Arena, M. (2018). Leadership for organizational adaptability: A theoretical synthesis and integrative framework. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 89–104. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.12.009
  43. ↑ Lusiani, M., & Langley, A. (2018). The social construction of strategic coherence: Practices of enabling leadership. Long Range Planning. doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2018.05.006
  44. ↑ Seibert, Scott E., Gang Wang, and Stephen H. Courtright. "Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations: a meta-analytic review." (2011): 981. doi:10.1037/a0022676
  45. ↑ Drasgow, 1994 ('Empowered work groups: conceptual and empirical assessment of empowering processes and outcomes in organization': Paper presented as part of a annual meetings of the Society of the Industrial and Organizational Psychologists, TN, U.S.A.
  46. ↑ Manz, C. C. and Sims, H. P. Jr. (1987). 'Leading workers to lead themselves: the external leadership of self- managed work teams', Administrative Science Quarterly, 32, 106-128 JSTOR
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Nix, Glen A., et al. "Revitalization through self-regulation: The effects of autonomous and controlled motivation on happiness and vitality." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 35.3 (1999): 266-284. doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1382
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  49. ↑ Meuser, Jeremy D., et al. "A network analysis of leadership theory: The infancy of integration." Journal of Management 42.5 (2016): 1374-1403. doi:10.1177/0149206316647099
  50. ↑ McChrystal GS, Collins T, Silverman D, Fussell C. Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World. 1 edition. Portfolio; 2015. 289 p. ISBN 1591847486
  51. ↑ Greenleaf, Robert K. "leadership." (1977). Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press
  52. ↑ Pearce, C. L., & Conger, J. A. (2002). Shared leadership: Reframing the hows and whys of leadership. Sage. ISBN ISBN 1452276765
  53. ↑ Rigby, D. Bureaucracy Can Drain Your Company’s Energy. Agile Can Restore It; Harvard Business Review 2018
  54. ↑ Cheong, Minyoung; Spain, Seth M.; Yammarino, Francis J.; Yun, Seokhwa (2016-08-01). "Two faces of empowering leadership: Enabling and burdening". The Leadership Quarterly. 27 (4): 602–616. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.01.006. ISSN 1048-9843. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
  55. ↑ Gregory Stone, A., Robert F. Russell, and Kathleen Patterson. "Transformational versus leadership: A difference in leader focus." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 25.4 (2004): 349-361. doi:10.1108/01437730410538671
  56. ↑ Gauld R, Blank R, Burgers J, Cohen AB, Dobrow M, Ikegami N; et al. (2012). "The World Health Report 2008 - Primary Healthcare: How Wide Is the Gap between Its Agenda and Implementation in 12 High-Income Health Systems?". Healthc Policy. 7 (3): 38–58. PMC 3298021. PMID 23372580.
  57. ↑ Stewart, G. L., Astrove, S. L., Reeves, C. J., Crawford, E. R., & Solimeo, S. (2017). Those with the most find it hardest to share: Exploring leader resistance to the implementation of team-based empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, amj-2015 doi:10.5465/amj.2015.1173
  58. ↑ Lee, Allan, et al. “Empowering Leadership: A Meta-Analytic Examination of Incremental Contribution, Mediation, and Moderation.” Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 39, no. 3, Mar. 2018, pp. 306–25. Wiley Online Library, doi:10.1002/job.2220.
  59. ↑ Kim, M., Beehr, T. A., & Prewett, M. S. (2018). Employee Responses to Empowering Leadership: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 1548051817750538. doi:10.1177/1548051817750538
  60. ↑ Zhang, Xiaomeng, and Kathryn M. Bartol. "Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement." Academy of management journal 53.1 (2010): 107-128. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2010.48037118
  61. ↑ Birdi, Kamal, et al. "The impact of human resource and operational management practices on company productivity: A longitudinal study." Personnel Psychology 61.3 (2008): 467-501. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00136.x
  62. ↑ Srivastava, Abhishek, Kathryn M. Bartol, and Edwin A. Locke. "Empowering leadership in management teams: Effects on knowledge sharing, efficacy, and performance." Academy of management journal 49.6 (2006): 1239-1251. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2006.23478718
  63. ↑ Lee, Michelle Chin Chin, Mohd Awang Idris, and Paul H. Delfabbro. "The Linkages Between Hierarchical Culture and Empowering Leadership and Their Effects on Employees’ Work Engagement: Work Meaningfulness as a Mediator." (2016) doi:10.1037/str0000043
  64. ↑ Trastek VF, Hamilton NW, Niles EE (2014). "Leadership models in health care - a case for leadership". Mayo Clin Proc. 89 (3): 374–81. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.10.012. PMID 24486078.
  65. ↑ Schwartz RW, Tumblin TF (2002). "The power of leadership to transform health care organizations for the 21st-century economy". Arch Surg. 137 (12): 1419–27, discussion 1427. PMID 12470112.
  66. ↑ Feussner JR, Landefeld CS, Weinberger SE (2016). "Change, Challenge and Opportunity: Departments of Medicine and Their Leaders". Am J Med Sci. 351 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2015.10.008. PMID 26802752.
  67. ↑ Peterson, S. J., Galvin, B. M., & Lange, D. (2012). CEO servant leadership: Exploring executive characteristics and firm performance. Personnel Psychology, 65(3), 565-596. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2012.01253.x
  68. ↑ Arnold, Josh A., et al. "The empowering leadership questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behaviors." Journal of Organizational Behavior (2000): 249-269. JSTOR
  69. ↑ Miller, Kent. “Responding to Fundamentalism: Secularism or Humble Faith?” The Academy of Management Perspectives, Jan. 2018, p. amp.2017.0101. amp.aom.org, doi:10.5465/amp.2017.0101.
  70. ↑ Neubert, Mitchell. “With or Without Spirit: Implications for Scholarship and Leadership.” The Academy of Management Perspectives, Mar. 2018, p. amp.2016.0172. amp.aom.org, doi:10.5465/amp.2016.0172
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Jasimuddin, S. M., & Naqshbandi, M. M. (2018). Knowledge-oriented leadership and open innovation: Role of knowledge management capability in France-based multinationals. International Business Review. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2017.12.001
  72. ↑ Chesbrough, H. (2003). The logic of open innovation: managing intellectual property. California Management Review, 45(3), 33-58. doi:10.2307/41166175
  73. ↑ Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence‐informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British journal of management, 14(3), 207-222. {doi|10.1111/1467-8551.00375}}
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