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==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
Achalasia is Greek for ''failure to relax'' and has been known for more than 300 years BC. The first successful [[Esophagectomy|esophagomyotomy]] was done in 1913 while laparoscopic [[Esophagectomy|esophagomyotomy]] was described in 1991.


==Classification==
==Classification==

Revision as of 14:22, 27 November 2017

Achalasia Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Twinkle Singh, M.B.B.S. [2], Ahmed Younes M.B.B.CH [3]

Overview

Achalasia is a primary esophageal motility disorder of unknown etiology.[1][2]In this disorder, the smooth muscle layer of the esophagus has impaired peristalsis (muscular ability to move food down the esophagus), and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) fails to relax properly in response to swallowing due to absent enteric neurons.[3] It should be differentiated from pseudoachalasia (caused by neoplastic infiltration of myenteric neurons) and secondary achalasia (caused by extrinsic procedures such as previous fundoplication and gastric banding). Trypanosoma cruzi infection causing Chagas disease can also result in achalasia. It is an incurable chronic condition.[1]

Historical Perspective

Achalasia is Greek for failure to relax and has been known for more than 300 years BC. The first successful esophagomyotomy was done in 1913 while laparoscopic esophagomyotomy was described in 1991.

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Achalasia overview from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

Complications

Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Prevention

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Vela MF (2013). "ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of achalasia". Am J Gastroenterol. 108 (8): 1238–49, quiz 1250. doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.196. PMID 23877351.
  2. Kraichely R, Farrugia G (2006). "Achalasia: physiology and etiopathogenesis". Dis Esophagus. 19 (4): 213–23. PMID 16866850.
  3. Park W, Vaezi M (2005). "Etiology and pathogenesis of achalasia: the current understanding". Am J Gastroenterol. 100 (6): 1404–14. PMID 15929777.

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