Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state historical perspective: Difference between revisions

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* In 1878, Foster described some cases of [[diabetic coma]] and [[acetonemia]].
* In 1878, Foster described some cases of [[diabetic coma]] and [[acetonemia]].
* In 1883–1884, Stadelmann, Külz, Minkowski found out that in addition to [[acetone]] patients with [[diabetic coma]] also have [[β-hydroxybutyric acid]].
* In 1883–1884, Stadelmann, Külz, Minkowski found out that in addition to [[acetone]] patients with [[diabetic coma]] also have [[β-hydroxybutyric acid]].
* In 1884–1886, von Frerichs and Dreschfeld described some cases of patients with [[diabetic coma]] but without [[kussmaul breathing]] or [[ketones]].
* In 1884–1886, von Frerichs and Dreschfeld described some cases of patients with [[diabetic coma]] but without [[kussmaul breathing]] or [[ketones]].<ref name="pmid20751675">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dreschfeld J |title=The Bradshawe Lecture on Diabetic Coma |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=1338 |pages=358–63 |year=1886 |pmid=20751675 |pmc=2256374 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* In 1922, [[insulin]] was discovered and isolated by Banting and Best.
* In 1922, [[insulin]] was discovered and isolated by Banting and Best.
* In 1909–1923, Lépine, Revillet, McCaskey and Bock et al also described some cases of patients with [[diabetic coma]] without [[ketonuria]].
* In 1909–1923, Lépine, Revillet, McCaskey and Bock et al also described some cases of patients with [[diabetic coma]] without [[ketonuria]].
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* In 1971, Arieff, Carroll and Gerich et al described the modern definition and initial criteria of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state which they called hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic state.
* In 1971, Arieff, Carroll and Gerich et al described the modern definition and initial criteria of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state which they called hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic state.
* In 1973, Arieff and Kleeman explained the mechanism of [[cerebral edema]] in the treatment of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
* In 1973, Arieff and Kleeman explained the mechanism of [[cerebral edema]] in the treatment of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
* In 1976–1977, Alberti, Hockaday and Kitabchi et al described the low-dose [[insulin]] protocols.
* In 1976–1977, Alberti, Hockaday and Kitabchi et al described the low-dose [[insulin]] protocols.<ref name="pmid8325282">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fleckman AM |title=Diabetic ketoacidosis |journal=Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=181–207 |year=1993 |pmid=8325282 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* In 2004–2009, [[American Diabetes Association]] has consensus for the management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults.
* In 2004–2009, [[American Diabetes Association]] has consensus for the management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults.
* In 2011, Pediatric Endocrine Society guidelines for treatment of HHS in children were published.
* In 2011, Pediatric Endocrine Society guidelines for treatment of HHS in children were published.
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{{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01| | | | |B01= '''''2004–2009'''''<br> • ADA consensus for treatment of DKA and HHS in adult patients according to which Initial bolus (0.1 units/kg i.v.), followed by 0.1 units/kg/h until glucose <250 mg/dL, then reduce insulin by 50%
{{familytree | boxstyle= text-align: Center; | | | |B01| | | | |B01= '''''2004–2009'''''<br> • ADA consensus for treatment of DKA and HHS in adult patients according to which Initial bolus (0.1 units/kg i.v.), followed by 0.1 units/kg/h until glucose <250 mg/dL, then reduce insulin by 50%
}}
}}
{{Family tree/end}}
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Revision as of 22:28, 20 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Historical Perspective

  • The known history of diabetes dates back to the Egyptian era, and the first documented evidence was found in an Egyptian papyrus dating back to 1552 BC.
  • In 1828, von Stosch for the first time described diabetic coma in detail.
  • In 1857, Petters discovered acetone in the urine of patients with diabetes.
  • In 1865, Gerhardt discovered acetoacetic acid in the urine of patients with diabetes.
  • In 1874, Kussmaul also described diabetic coma in detail.
  • In 1878, Foster described some cases of diabetic coma and acetonemia.
  • In 1883–1884, Stadelmann, Külz, Minkowski found out that in addition to acetone patients with diabetic coma also have β-hydroxybutyric acid.
  • In 1884–1886, von Frerichs and Dreschfeld described some cases of patients with diabetic coma but without kussmaul breathing or ketones.[1]
  • In 1922, insulin was discovered and isolated by Banting and Best.
  • In 1909–1923, Lépine, Revillet, McCaskey and Bock et al also described some cases of patients with diabetic coma without ketonuria.
  • In 1930–1935, Lawrence and Joslin described the management of diabetic coma.
  • In 1957, Sament, Schwartz, Graeff, and Lips also described some case reports of diabetic coma without ketones and hyperosmolality.
  • In 1962, Singer et al explained the relationship of hyperglycemia and osmolality.
  • In 1971, Arieff, Carroll and Gerich et al described the modern definition and initial criteria of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state which they called hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic state.
  • In 1973, Arieff and Kleeman explained the mechanism of cerebral edema in the treatment of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
  • In 1976–1977, Alberti, Hockaday and Kitabchi et al described the low-dose insulin protocols.[2]
  • In 2004–2009, American Diabetes Association has consensus for the management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults.
  • In 2011, Pediatric Endocrine Society guidelines for treatment of HHS in children were published.

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

 
 
 
Preinsulin era
•The treatment modalities used for diabetic coma include blood transfusion, castor oil with potassium citrate, and saline solutions with sodium carbonate among other therapies.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1930–1950
•The usual practice was to use insulin in 20–100 units i.v. or s.c. bolus followed by 20 units s.c. every 30–60 min depending on glucosuria.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1950–1970s
• In that period, the insulin was given as 2 units/kg bolus of crystalline insulin; up to 920 units in the first 7 h.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Early 1970s
• Insulin was given as low-dose insulin regimens with Regular insulin 0.1 units/kg i.v. followed by 0.1–0.3 units/h i.v., s.c., or i.m.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1990s
• Insulin was administered as 0.1 units/kg i.v. bolus, then 0.1 units/kg/h as continuous infusion until glucose level <13.8 mmol/L (250 mg/dL)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2004–2009
• ADA consensus for treatment of DKA and HHS in adult patients according to which Initial bolus (0.1 units/kg i.v.), followed by 0.1 units/kg/h until glucose <250 mg/dL, then reduce insulin by 50%
 
 
 
 

References

  1. Dreschfeld J (1886). "The Bradshawe Lecture on Diabetic Coma". Br Med J. 2 (1338): 358–63. PMC 2256374. PMID 20751675.
  2. Fleckman AM (1993). "Diabetic ketoacidosis". Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 22 (2): 181–207. PMID 8325282.

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