Vaccine mediated polio infection: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | |||
Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is one of the safest and most effective vaccination programs that prevented millions of cases of polio not only through direct immunization but also through herd immunity.In rare occasions, the vaccine is associated with paralytic polio. | |||
There are two subtypes of paralytic polio related to OPV vaccine: vaccine associated paralytic polio and vaccine derived paralytic polio. | |||
==Vaccine associated paralytic polio:== | |||
*Vaccine associated paralytic polio (VAPP) occurs when the attenuated strain used in the vaccine reverts inside the intestine into more virulent form.<ref name="urlwww.who.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/poliomyelitis/endgame_objective2/oral_polio_vaccine/VAPPandcVDPVFactSheet-Feb2015.pdf |title=www.who.int |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3029445">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nkowane BM, Wassilak SG, Orenstein WA, Bart KJ, Schonberger LB, Hinman AR, Kew OM |title=Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. United States: 1973 through 1984 |journal=JAMA |volume=257 |issue=10 |pages=1335–40 |year=1987 |pmid=3029445 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7476613">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sullivan AA, Boyle RS, Whitby RM |title=Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=163 |issue=8 |pages=423–4 |year=1995 |pmid=7476613 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*The more virulent form is capable of causing the disease in the vaccinated child or a close susceptible contact. Therfore, no outbreaks are associated with VAPP. | |||
*The prevalence of (VAPP) is 1 in 2.7 million doses of the vaccine. | |||
*In developed countries, the risk of VAPP is increased with the first dose of the vaccine while in developed countries, It’s increased with subsequent doses. | |||
==Vaccine derived paralytic polio:== | |||
*Vaccine derived paralytic polio (VDPP) is caused by very rare mutation of the original strain of polio in the vaccine.<ref name="urlwww.who.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/poliomyelitis/endgame_objective2/oral_polio_vaccine/VAPPandcVDPVFactSheet-Feb2015.pdf |title=www.who.int |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14673763">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khetsuriani N, Prevots DR, Quick L, Elder ME, Pallansch M, Kew O, Sutter RW |title=Persistence of vaccine-derived polioviruses among immunodeficient persons with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=188 |issue=12 |pages=1845–52 |year=2003 |pmid=14673763 |doi=10.1086/379791 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*VDPP has the ability to cause the disease in any non immune person whether the vaccinated person or a contact, therefore it has the ability to cause outbreaks or even epidemics especially in communities that are not properly covered with the vaccination program. | |||
*When it causes outbreaks, VDPP is called circulating vaccine derived paralytic polio (cVDPP). | |||
*In the last 10 years, 24 VDPP reported outbreaks happened in 21 countries causing 750 cases of paralytic polio. | |||
*The management of VDPP is conducting extensive vaccination campaigns in the affected community aiming for vaccinating every child and thus preventing the spread of the infection. | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
Revision as of 13:51, 14 June 2017
Template:Vaccine mediated polio infection Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Younes M.B.B.CH [2]
Overview
Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is one of the safest and most effective vaccination programs that prevented millions of cases of polio not only through direct immunization but also through herd immunity.In rare occasions, the vaccine is associated with paralytic polio. There are two subtypes of paralytic polio related to OPV vaccine: vaccine associated paralytic polio and vaccine derived paralytic polio.
Vaccine associated paralytic polio:
- Vaccine associated paralytic polio (VAPP) occurs when the attenuated strain used in the vaccine reverts inside the intestine into more virulent form.[1][2][3]
- The more virulent form is capable of causing the disease in the vaccinated child or a close susceptible contact. Therfore, no outbreaks are associated with VAPP.
- The prevalence of (VAPP) is 1 in 2.7 million doses of the vaccine.
- In developed countries, the risk of VAPP is increased with the first dose of the vaccine while in developed countries, It’s increased with subsequent doses.
Vaccine derived paralytic polio:
- Vaccine derived paralytic polio (VDPP) is caused by very rare mutation of the original strain of polio in the vaccine.[1][4]
- VDPP has the ability to cause the disease in any non immune person whether the vaccinated person or a contact, therefore it has the ability to cause outbreaks or even epidemics especially in communities that are not properly covered with the vaccination program.
- When it causes outbreaks, VDPP is called circulating vaccine derived paralytic polio (cVDPP).
- In the last 10 years, 24 VDPP reported outbreaks happened in 21 countries causing 750 cases of paralytic polio.
- The management of VDPP is conducting extensive vaccination campaigns in the affected community aiming for vaccinating every child and thus preventing the spread of the infection.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "www.who.int" (PDF).
- ↑ Nkowane BM, Wassilak SG, Orenstein WA, Bart KJ, Schonberger LB, Hinman AR, Kew OM (1987). "Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. United States: 1973 through 1984". JAMA. 257 (10): 1335–40. PMID 3029445.
- ↑ Sullivan AA, Boyle RS, Whitby RM (1995). "Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis". Med. J. Aust. 163 (8): 423–4. PMID 7476613.
- ↑ Khetsuriani N, Prevots DR, Quick L, Elder ME, Pallansch M, Kew O, Sutter RW (2003). "Persistence of vaccine-derived polioviruses among immunodeficient persons with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis". J. Infect. Dis. 188 (12): 1845–52. doi:10.1086/379791. PMID 14673763.