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==Overview==
==Overview==
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of hemorrhagic stroke include


==Secondary prevention==
==Secondary prevention==

Revision as of 19:41, 1 December 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

Effective measures for the secondary prevention of hemorrhagic stroke include

Secondary prevention

Life style modification

Life style modification measures which may help reduce the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage recurrent may include:[1][2]

  • Eating healthy balanced diet
  • Smoking cessation
  • Decreased alcohal intake
  • Improved support from health care providers & care takers
  • Patient education (involvement in BP monitoring to improve adherence to therapy)

Prevention of recurrent ICH

Blood pressure control

Receive early treatment targeted to an SBP level <140 mmHg to improve the chances of achieving better functional recovery.[1]

Restarting anticoagulation

Restarting anticoagulation should be avoided, UNLESS the risk of ischemic stroke is MUCH HIGHER than that of recurrent ICH.[3][4][5]

  • In AF patients with warfarin-associated lobar ICH or suspected CAA, the risk ICH recurrence seems higher than thromboembolic events. Therefore, the best management is to discontinue warfarin therapy.
  • In warfarin-related ICH patients with prosthetic valves
  • The optimal time to resumption of anticoagulation after warfarin-related ICH is unclear and may vary from patient to patient.[6]
  • Avoidance of oral anticoagulation (OAC) for 4-8 weeks, in patients without mechanical heart valves, might decrease the risk of ICH recurrence

Resumption of statins

There is insufficient data to recommend restrictions on use of statin agents.[7]

Prevention of complications

The preventive measures which may help prevent complications of intracerebral hemorrhage include:[1][8][9]

  • Use of intermittent pneumatic compression begun as early as the day of hospital admission 
  • Prophylactic anticonvulsant medication has not been demonstrated to be beneficial. However, in a case of clinical seizures or electrographic seizures in patients with a change in mental status should be treated with antisezure drugs to prevent recurrence
  • Proper positioning of patient, and the use of thick feed with the help of nasogastric tube for feeding to prevent aspiration pneumonia in patients with cranial nerve palsies affecting pharyngeal motility and gag reflex
  • Pressure ulcers may be prevented by use of air mattress and regular change in position of patient

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 2015 AHA/ASA Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/early/2015/05/28/STR.0000000000000069 Accessed on November 10, 2016
  2. 2014 AHA/ASA Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/early/2014/10/28/STR.00000000000000467 Accessed on November 17, 2016
  3. Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) in the Laboratory: 2015 Review http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2015.05.001 Accessed on December 1, 2016
  4. Connolly SJ, Eikelboom J, Joyner C, Diener HC, Hart R, Golitsyn S; et al. (2011). "Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation". N Engl J Med. 364 (9): 806–17. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1007432. PMID 21309657. Review in: Evid Based Med. 2011 Dec;16(6):187-8 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Apr 19;154(8):JC4-3
  5. Eckman, Mark H., et al. "Can patients be anticoagulated after intracerebral hemorrhage? A decision analysis." Stroke 34.7 (2003): 1710-1716.
  6. Majeed A, Kim YK, Roberts RS, Holmström M, Schulman S (2010). "Optimal timing of resumption of warfarin after intracranial hemorrhage". Stroke. 41 (12): 2860–6. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.593087. PMID 21030703.
  7. Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A, Goldstein LB, Hennerici M, Rudolph AE; et al. (2006). "High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack". N Engl J Med. 355 (6): 549–59. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061894. PMID 16899775. Review in: ACP J Club. 2007 Jan-Feb;146(1):7
  8. Armstrong JR, Mosher BD (2011). "Aspiration pneumonia after stroke: intervention and prevention". Neurohospitalist. 1 (2): 85–93. doi:10.1177/1941875210395775. PMC 3726080. PMID 23983842.


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