Gonorrhea pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 2: Line 2:
{{Gonorrhea}}
{{Gonorrhea}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, MBBS]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SaraM}}


Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here.  It's easy!  Click  [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
==Overview==


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
Gonorrhea is spread through contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus. Ejaculation does not have to occur for gonorrhea to be transmitted or acquired. Gonorrhea can also be spread from mother to baby during delivery.
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is caused by a gram negative diplococcus (''[[Neisseria gonorrhea]]'').  
 
It can infect both men and women.
People who have had gonorrhea and received treatment may get infected again if they have sexual contact with a person infected with gonorrhea.
''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'' is usually transmitted via the sexual contact.
*Vaginal sex
*Anal sex
*Oral sex
The main pathogenicity of the ''[[Neisseria gonorrhea]]'' obtains from the surface pili.
The pili helps ''[[Neisseria gonorrhea]]'' to attach on the surface of the [[urethra]], [[fallopian tubes]] and [[endocervix]] and survive the host defence mechanism by following methods:
*Preventing [[phagocytosis]] by [[neutrophils]]
*Producing [[IgA protease]]


allowing attachment to these surfaces. Adherence to the surface of spermatozoa allows transmission of the organism to the fallopian tube, the presumed mechanism of ascending infection. Initial infection may be asymptomatic, but the organism incites a typical acute inflammatory reaction resulting frequently in a purulent exudate. 
The clinical consequences of gonorrhea are due to classic pyogenic infection with resolution by fibrosis. Initial infection is usually seen in the cervical region, but due to the adherence to spermatozoa, the infection may ascend through the uterus into the fallopian tubes and finally out into the peritoneal cavity. A purulent vaginal discharge is often seen, but frequently the purulent material exudes from the fimbriated end of the fallopian tubes into the peritoneal cavity. Untreated infections may progress to fibrosis. The fibrotic reaction, depending on its location can lead to a variety of complications, such as urethral stricture, fallopian tube stricture, tubo-ovarian abscess, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility. Peritonitis may present in PID and cause life threatening acute bowel obstruction.
It is important to treat the symptoms of gonorrhea as early as possible. When the infection is confined to the lower genital tract, it is much more responsive to antibiotic therapy. Once the infection ascends and becomes well established, it is difficult to deliver the needed concentrations of antibiotics and the infection is much more difficult to cure with drugs alone. This is due to the lack of blood flow in the walled off areas and is the reason that surgery often becomes necessary.
In pregnancy, gonococcus can be transmitted to the fetus at the time of delivery. This results in infection of the conjuctiva of the eye. This appears 1 to 4 days after birth as severe discharge with marked swelling and redness of the eyelids and conjunctiva. This can lead to corneal perforation and blindness. Diagnosis is made by gram stain of the exudate and culture
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Revision as of 14:58, 12 September 2016

Sexually transmitted diseases Main Page

Gonorrhea Microchapters

Home

Patient Info

Overview

Historical perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Gonorrhea from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Antibiotic Resistance

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Gonorrhea pathophysiology On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Gonorrhea pathophysiology

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Gonorrhea pathophysiology

CDC on Gonorrhea pathophysiology

Gonorrhea pathophysiology in the news

Blogs on Gonorrhea pathophysiology

Directions to Hospitals Treating Gonorrhea

Risk calculators and risk factors for Gonorrhea pathophysiology

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

Pathophysiology

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is caused by a gram negative diplococcus (Neisseria gonorrhea). It can infect both men and women. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is usually transmitted via the sexual contact.

  • Vaginal sex
  • Anal sex
  • Oral sex

The main pathogenicity of the Neisseria gonorrhea obtains from the surface pili. The pili helps Neisseria gonorrhea to attach on the surface of the urethra, fallopian tubes and endocervix and survive the host defence mechanism by following methods:

allowing attachment to these surfaces. Adherence to the surface of spermatozoa allows transmission of the organism to the fallopian tube, the presumed mechanism of ascending infection. Initial infection may be asymptomatic, but the organism incites a typical acute inflammatory reaction resulting frequently in a purulent exudate. The clinical consequences of gonorrhea are due to classic pyogenic infection with resolution by fibrosis. Initial infection is usually seen in the cervical region, but due to the adherence to spermatozoa, the infection may ascend through the uterus into the fallopian tubes and finally out into the peritoneal cavity. A purulent vaginal discharge is often seen, but frequently the purulent material exudes from the fimbriated end of the fallopian tubes into the peritoneal cavity. Untreated infections may progress to fibrosis. The fibrotic reaction, depending on its location can lead to a variety of complications, such as urethral stricture, fallopian tube stricture, tubo-ovarian abscess, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility. Peritonitis may present in PID and cause life threatening acute bowel obstruction. It is important to treat the symptoms of gonorrhea as early as possible. When the infection is confined to the lower genital tract, it is much more responsive to antibiotic therapy. Once the infection ascends and becomes well established, it is difficult to deliver the needed concentrations of antibiotics and the infection is much more difficult to cure with drugs alone. This is due to the lack of blood flow in the walled off areas and is the reason that surgery often becomes necessary. In pregnancy, gonococcus can be transmitted to the fetus at the time of delivery. This results in infection of the conjuctiva of the eye. This appears 1 to 4 days after birth as severe discharge with marked swelling and redness of the eyelids and conjunctiva. This can lead to corneal perforation and blindness. Diagnosis is made by gram stain of the exudate and culture

References

Template:WH Template:WS