Enterovirus 68 overview: Difference between revisions
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==Laboratory Findings== | ==Laboratory Findings== | ||
Laboratory findings in an enterovirus 68 infection include a positive [[PCR] assay of a nasopharyngeal swab specimen or viral culture. [[Serology]] tests have a low specificity for the diagnosis of enterovirus 68. | |||
==Chest X Ray== | ==Chest X Ray== | ||
Imaging studies is not commonly done in patients with enterovirus 68 infection. One-fourth of patient may develop lower respiratory complications and abnormal [[chest X-ray]] findings may include infiltration and consolidation. | |||
==Medical Therapy== | ==Medical Therapy== | ||
There is no specific antiviral treatment for enterovirus 68 infection. Current management of these patients is based on supportive care towards [[symptom]] relief and prevention of [[complications]]. | |||
==Primary Prevention== | ==Primary Prevention== | ||
There is no vaccine against enterovirus 68. Preventive measures such as hand washing, avoiding contact with sick people and disinfecting touched surfaces are recommended. | |||
==Future or Investigational Therapies== | ==Future or Investigational Therapies== | ||
Even though the treatment for enterovirus infection is currently with supportive care, the development of other medical therapies has increased in the past years. [[Immune globulin]] has shown clinical and laboratory improvement among some patients with enterovirus infection. Antiviral medications against enterovirus, such as [[pleconaril]], are currently under research, but have shown benefit in patients with severe infections caused by other subtypes of enteroviruses. | |||
[[Category:Picornaviruses]] | [[Category:Picornaviruses]] | ||
[[Category:Enterovirus]] | [[Category:Enterovirus]] | ||
[[Category:Infectious Diseases]] | [[Category:Infectious Diseases]] | ||
Revision as of 14:39, 9 September 2014
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [2]; João André Alves Silva, M.D. [3]
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Overview
Enterovirus 68 (EV68) is a member of the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. It is a non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. It is detected more frequently among pediatric patients in the United States and other countries. While enteroviruses can cause a wide range of symptoms ranging from mild febrile illness to fatal meningitis and encephalitis, EV68 is mostly associated with acute respiratory symptoms. In 2014, EV68 was isolated from 2 children with a polio-like flaccid paralysis; however, the virus could not be isolated among 3 other kids with a similar presentation.
Historical Perspective
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Enterovirus 68 from other Diseases
Enterovirus 68 infection must be differentiated from other diseases that cause fever, cough, malaise, and rhinorrhea such as: respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, seasonal influenza virus B, coronavirus, and rhinovirus.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
History and Symptoms
Enterovirus 68 infection presents with symptoms of an acute respiratory tract infection. The most common symptoms of this viral infection include fever, cough, dyspnea, rhinorrhea, and malaise.
Physical Examination
Patients with enterovirus 68 infection develop signs and symptoms of respiratory illness. Findings in the physical exam include fever, tachypnea, skin rash, sore throat, and wheezing.
Laboratory Findings
Laboratory findings in an enterovirus 68 infection include a positive [[PCR] assay of a nasopharyngeal swab specimen or viral culture. Serology tests have a low specificity for the diagnosis of enterovirus 68.
Chest X Ray
Imaging studies is not commonly done in patients with enterovirus 68 infection. One-fourth of patient may develop lower respiratory complications and abnormal chest X-ray findings may include infiltration and consolidation.
Medical Therapy
There is no specific antiviral treatment for enterovirus 68 infection. Current management of these patients is based on supportive care towards symptom relief and prevention of complications.
Primary Prevention
There is no vaccine against enterovirus 68. Preventive measures such as hand washing, avoiding contact with sick people and disinfecting touched surfaces are recommended.
Future or Investigational Therapies
Even though the treatment for enterovirus infection is currently with supportive care, the development of other medical therapies has increased in the past years. Immune globulin has shown clinical and laboratory improvement among some patients with enterovirus infection. Antiviral medications against enterovirus, such as pleconaril, are currently under research, but have shown benefit in patients with severe infections caused by other subtypes of enteroviruses.