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| '''Editor-in-Chief:''' {{MUT}} | | '''Editor-in-Chief:''' {{MUT}} |
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| ==Overview== | | ==[[Acanthocytosis overview|Overview]]== |
| '''Acanthocytosis''' is a digestive disorder that is characterized by the absence of [[very low density lipoprotein]]s ([[VLDL]]) and [[chylomicron]]s in the plasma. [[Acanthocyte]] is a general term meaning 'spiny cell'. AKA "spur cell" in more severe cases
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| In human biology and [[medicine]], the term refers to pathological [[red blood cell]]s, which are coarse and irregularly crenelated resembling many-pointed stars. They are seen on [[blood film]]s in, among others, [[lipid]] abnormalities, [[liver]] disease, [[chorea acanthocytosis]], [[McLeod syndrome]] and several inherited neurological disorders, such as [[neuroacanthocytosis]].
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| == Pathophysiology == | | ==[[Acanthocytosis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| The imbalance in membrane lipids due to various abnormalities mainly in the liver, cause cells to stiffen, wrinkle and form spicules.
| | ==[[Acanthocytosis classification|Classification]]== |
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| == Causes == | | ==[[Acanthocytosis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| Acanthocytosis is a red cell phenotype associated with various underlying conditions. The most frequent and most significant conditions include abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome) and spur cell hemolytic anemia of severe liver disease. Other, less frequent conditions include the following: | | ==[[Acanthocytosis causes|Causes]]== |
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| *Neuroacanthocytosis
| | ==[[Acanthocytosis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Acanthocytosis from other Diseases]]== |
| *Anorexia nervosa and other malnutrition states
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| *Infantile pyknocytosis
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| *McLeod syndrome
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| *In(Lu) null Lutheran phenotype
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| *Hypothyroidism
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| *Idiopathic neonatal hepatitis
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| *Myxedema
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| *Transient hemolysis and stomatocytosis in individuals with alcoholism and mild hemolysis and spherocytosis in individuals with congestive splenomegaly
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| *Homozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia
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| *Zieve syndrome
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| *Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) associated with McLeod red cell phenotype
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==[[Acanthocytosis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| === History and Symptoms ===
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| Patients with acanthocytosis may have a history of chronic diarrhea with pale, foul-smelling, and bulky stools; loss of appetite and vomiting; and slow weight gain and decreased growth, possibly including a bleeding tendency. Patients may report symptoms of ataxia, tremors, and visual abnormalities or jaundice, abdominal pain, pallor, dark urine, and recurrent infections. Adolescents and adults may report dyskinesias, specifically orolingual, and cognitive deterioration.
| | ==[[Acanthocytosis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| === Physical Examination === | | ==[[Acanthocytosis screening|Screening]]== |
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| *Hematologic
| | ==[[Acanthocytosis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| **[[Pallor]]
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| **[[Jaundice]]
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| **[[Bleeding]]
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| **[[Lymphadenopathy]]
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| *Ocular
| | ==Diagnosis== |
| **Progressive retinitis pigmentosa with loss of night vision, visual acuity, and color vision
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| **Nystagmus after age 10 years
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| **Ophthalmoplegia with strabismus
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| **Progressive exotropia
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| **[[Cataracts]]
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| *GI
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| **[[Abdominal distention]]
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| **Failure to thrive, with short stature and decreased weight
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| **[[Hepatomegaly]]
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| **[[Splenomegaly]]
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| **[[Ascites]]
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| *Neurologic
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| **Loss of deep tendon reflexes
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| **Decreased sensation to touch, pain, temperature, and position
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| **Stocking-glove distribution of hypoesthesia
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| **Decreased muscle strength
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| **Intention tremors and progressive ataxia with clumsiness and gait disturbances, dysarthria, dysdiadochokinesis, and dysmetria
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| **Chorea
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| **Mental retardation, cognitive decline, neuropsychological abnormalities
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| **Altered mental status
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| **[[ Fatigue]]
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| **Cold intolerance
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| **Skin palmar erythema
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| **Spider [[angiomas]]
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| **Abdominal wall collateral veins
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| **[[Edema]]
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| **Recurrent skin infections
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| *Skeletomuscular
| | [[Acanthocytosis diagnostic criteria|Diagnostic Criteria]] | [[Acanthocytosis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Acanthocytosis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Acanthocytosis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Acanthocytosis electrocardiogram|EKG]] | [[Acanthocytosis CT|CT]] | [[Acanthocytosis MRI|MRI]] | [[Acanthocytosis echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Acanthocytosis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Acanthocytosis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| **[[Muscular atrophy]]
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| **Muscle contractures
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| **[[Kyphoscoliosis]]
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| **Pes cavus
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| **Pes equinovarus
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| | ==Treatment== |
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| === Laboratory Findings ===
| | [[Acanthocytosis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Acanthocytosis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Acanthocytosis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Acute renal failure secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Acanthocytosis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Acanthocytosis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| In human biology and medicine, the term refers to pathological red blood cells, which are coarse and irregularly crenelated resembling many-pointed stars. They are seen on blood films in, among others, lipid abnormalities, liver disease, chorea acanthocytosis, McLeod syndrome and several inherited neurological disorders, such as neuroacanthocytosis.
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| <div align="left">
| | ==Case Studies== |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| | [[Acanthocytosis case study one|Case #1]] |
| Image:Acanthocytes 0002.jpg|Acanthocytes
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| Image:Acanthocytes 0001.jpg|Acanthocytes
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| ==References== | | ==References== |