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{{Noonan syndrome}}
{{Noonan syndrome}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} Serge Korjian
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:Sergekorjian|Serge Korjian]], [[User:YazanDaaboul|Yazan Daaboul]]


==Overview==
==Overview==
A chronic, mutlidisciplinary, system-based approach is recommended in the management and follow-up of patients with Noonan syndrome with special emphasis on the cardiac complications, growth delay, and neurocognitive deficits.


==Management and Follow-up==
==Management and Follow-up==
Line 43: Line 44:


===Gastrointestinal===
===Gastrointestinal===
Any patient with Noonan syndrome with recurrent vomiting or feeding difficulties requires a pediatric gastroenterology consultation for further investigation and management including antireflux medications, feeding tube insertion, and surgical consult in certain cases with malrotation. <ref name="pmid20876176">{{cite journal| author=Romano AA, Allanson JE, Dahlgren J, Gelb BD, Hall B, Pierpont ME et al.| title=Noonan syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management guidelines. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2010 | volume= 126 | issue= 4 | pages= 746-59 | pmid=20876176 | doi=10.1542/peds.2009-3207 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20876176 }} </ref>


===Lymphatic===
===Eye and Ear===
* A complete ophthalmologic examination is recommended at diagnosis and at least every 2 years thereafter if no problems are detected.
 
* A hearing test in recommended during infancy with yearly retesting in early childhood, and careful attention and management of ear infections to avoid hearing loss. <ref name="pmid20876176">{{cite journal| author=Romano AA, Allanson JE, Dahlgren J, Gelb BD, Hall B, Pierpont ME et al.| title=Noonan syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management guidelines. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2010 | volume= 126 | issue= 4 | pages= 746-59 | pmid=20876176 | doi=10.1542/peds.2009-3207 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20876176 }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 02:19, 15 November 2013

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Serge Korjian, Yazan Daaboul

Overview

A chronic, mutlidisciplinary, system-based approach is recommended in the management and follow-up of patients with Noonan syndrome with special emphasis on the cardiac complications, growth delay, and neurocognitive deficits.

Management and Follow-up

A mutlidisciplinary team is often needed in the management of Noonan syndrome. A system-based approach is usually adopted and recommendations are based on the severity of disease manifestations.

Cardiovascular

  • Patients with Noonan syndrome require lifetime cardiac follow-up. After initial evaluation including a focused cardiac physical exam, echocardiography, and electrocardiography, follow up is based on work-up findings. If initial work-up is unremarkable, a follow up is recommended every 5 years. [1][2]
  • The most common cardiac finding is pulmonary valve stenosis. If mild, only periodic follow-up is recommended. If clinically significant, pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty is recommended in the absence of significant valve dysplasia. With significantly dysplastic valves a pulmonary valvectomy or pulmonary valve homograft during childhood is the first line management. [3]

Endocrine and Developmental

  • Up to 70% of patients with Noonan syndrome have some form of growth delay with mean delay in bone age of 2 years. Although growth hormone supplementation has only been studied in small studies, data suggests improved growth without significant side effects.
  • Most studies with long-term follow up suggest that better outcomes are associated with earlier initiation of GH and a longer duration of treatment.[3]
  • The largest study involving 65 patients with a mean age at initiation of 11.6 years showed a mean growth of 10.9 cm in boys vs. 9.2 cm in girls with a mean treatment duration of 5.6 years at a dose of 0.33 mg/kg/week.[4] In general, doses used in most studies ranged from 0.24-0.35 mg/kg/week.[3]
  • Special growth curves for Noonan syndrome have been developed and should be used in plotting growth.[5]
  • Plotting growth on curves specific for Noonan syndrome is recommended to be done 3 times yearly from birth till age 3 years than yearly after that.[1]
  • Patients with growth deceleration, signs of hypothyroidism, or delayed puberty should be referred to a pediatric endocrinologist.[3]

Renal and Genitourinary

  • 10% of patients with Noonan syndrome have associated renal abnormalities. Renal ultrasound is recommended at diagnosis.[3]
  • Prophylactic antibiotics can be used for hydronephrosis or recurrent urinary tract infection.[3]
  • Cryptorchidism can be found in up to 80% of boys with Noonan syndrome and close attention to descended testes is recommended. Surgical orchiopexy is usually required by the age of 1 year.[1][2]

Hematology

  • Bleeding disorders can be seen in up to 65% of patients with Noonan syndrome.[3] An initial work-up consisting of a complete blood cell count with differential, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time is recommended.[1]
  • A repeat evaluation is required if the patient was aged 6-12 months during first screening.[1]
  • If the patient requires any surgical procedure, a pre-operative screen with added factor IX, XI, and XII concentration assays, von Willebrand factor, and platelet aggregation testing is recommended in conjunction with a hematology consult.[1]

Neurologic and Behavioral

  • Neurologic, behavioral and cognitive abnormalities are often seen in patients with Noonan syndrome although they are poorly understood and very variable among patients.[3]
  • Yearly developmental screening is recommended especially between the ages of 5 and 18 years old with individual educational plans recommended in patients with delays.[1]
  • A complete neuropsychological examination is recommended if any deficits are detected on developmental screening.[3]

Gastrointestinal

Any patient with Noonan syndrome with recurrent vomiting or feeding difficulties requires a pediatric gastroenterology consultation for further investigation and management including antireflux medications, feeding tube insertion, and surgical consult in certain cases with malrotation. [3]

Eye and Ear

  • A complete ophthalmologic examination is recommended at diagnosis and at least every 2 years thereafter if no problems are detected.
  • A hearing test in recommended during infancy with yearly retesting in early childhood, and careful attention and management of ear infections to avoid hearing loss. [3]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Roberts AE, Allanson JE, Tartaglia M, Gelb BD (2013). "Noonan syndrome". Lancet. 381 (9863): 333–42. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61023-X. PMID 23312968.
  2. 2.0 2.1 van der Burgt I (2007). "Noonan syndrome". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2: 4. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-2-4. PMC 1781428. PMID 17222357.
  3. 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Romano AA, Allanson JE, Dahlgren J, Gelb BD, Hall B, Pierpont ME; et al. (2010). "Noonan syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management guidelines". Pediatrics. 126 (4): 746–59. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3207. PMID 20876176.
  4. Romano AA, Dana K, Bakker B, Davis DA, Hunold JJ, Jacobs J; et al. (2009). "Growth response, near-adult height, and patterns of growth and puberty in patients with noonan syndrome treated with growth hormone". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 94 (7): 2338–44. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2094. PMID 19401366‎ Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. Witt DR, Keena BA, Hall JG, Allanson JE (1986). "Growth curves for height in Noonan syndrome". Clin Genet. 30 (3): 150–3. PMID 3780030.

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