Femoral hernia pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
A femoral hernia is the protrusion of the [[hernia]] sac through the [[femoral ring]] into the [[femoral canal]]. The [[anatomy]] of the [[femoral canal]] is such that the neck is made up of rigid structures that predispose the herniated [[bowel]] to [[strangulation]] and/or [[Incarcerated hernia|incarceration]]. The [[hernia]] sac contains [[small bowel]] which can predispose to [[intestinal obstruction]]. Some [[connective tissue diseases]] predispose the patient to developing femoral hernia. [[Malignancy]] is very rarely associated with femoral hernias, thus, [[histopathological]] analysis is done routinely following a repair but shows [[Incarcerated hernia|incarcerated]] [[bowel]] on most occasions. 


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
===Anatomy===
{| align="right"
|
[[File:Gray546.png|300px|thumb|right|'''Contents of the Femoral Canal'''<br>'''Source:''' Henry Vandyke Carter via Wikimedia Commons<ref name="urlupload.wikimedia.org">{{cite web |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray546.png |title=upload.wikimedia.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>]]
|}
*Pelvicrural interval, an opening from the [[abdomen]] to the [[thigh]], is divided into two spaces:<ref name="pmid17103962">{{cite journal |vauthors=Panton JA |title=Factors bearing upon the Etiology of Femoral Hernia |journal=J. Anat. |volume=57 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=106–46 |year=1923 |pmid=17103962 |pmc=1262989 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Lacuna musculosa ([[lateral]] space), as the name suggests the [[iliopsoas|iliopsoas muscles]] pass through this space.
**Lacuna vasculosa ([[medial]] space), as the name suggests, is the passage for the [[femoral]] [[vessels]].
*In the [[pelvis]], along the [[anterior surface]] of the [[iliopsoas|iliopsoas muscles]] run the [[external iliac]] [[vessels]].<ref name="Lichtenstein">{{cite book | last = Lichtenstein | first = Irving | title = Hernia repair without disability : a surgical atlas illustrating the anatomy, technique, and physiologic rationale of the "one day" hernia and introducing new concepts : tension-free herniorrhapies | publisher = Ishiyaku EuroAmerica | location = St. Louis | year = 1986 | isbn = 0912791306 }}</ref>
*The [[external iliac]] [[vessels]] pass between the [[iliopubic tract]] and [[Cooper's ligaments|Cooper's ligament]], and then under the [[inguinal ligament]] to become the [[femoral]] [[vessels]].<ref name="Lichtenstein" />
*As the [[external iliac]] [[vessels]] pass along the lacuna vasculosa, they are covered by the [[transversalis fascia]] forming the [[femoral sheath]].<ref name="Lichtenstein" />
*The [[femoral sheath]] extends 4cm [[caudally]] to become the [[adventitia]] of the [[femoral]] [[vessels]].<ref name="Lichtenstein" />
*The [[femoral sheath]] has a [[medial]] compartment that is known as the [[femoral canal]].<ref name="Lichtenstein" />
*The [[femoral canal]] is less than 2 cm in diameter and it contains [[lymphatics]] and [[glands]].<ref name="Lichtenstein" />
*The true opening of the [[femoral canal]] is a musculoaponeurotic ring that consists of:<ref name="pmid4278445">{{cite journal |vauthors=McVay CB |title=The anatomic basis for inguinal and femoral hernioplasty |journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet |volume=139 |issue=6 |pages=931–45 |year=1974 |pmid=4278445 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**[[Cooper's ligaments|Cooper's ligament]] [[inferiorly]]
**[[Femoral vein]] [[Lateral|laterally]]
**[[Iliopubic tract]] [[Superior|superiorly]] and [[medially]]
*The [[medial]] boundary of the [[femoral ring]] is made up of the lateral edge of the [[transversus abdominis muscle]] [[aponeurosis]] insertion with the [[transversalis fascia]] onto the [[pubis]].<ref name="pmid4278445">{{cite journal |vauthors=McVay CB |title=The anatomic basis for inguinal and femoral hernioplasty |journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet |volume=139 |issue=6 |pages=931–45 |year=1974 |pmid=4278445 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The true inner ring of the [[femoral canal]] is bounded by:<ref name="pmid14275790">{{cite journal |vauthors=MCVAY CB |title=INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIOPLASTY |journal=Surgery |volume=57 |issue= |pages=615–25 |year=1965 |pmid=14275790 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**The [[iliopubic tract]] anteriorly and medially
**The [[Cooper's ligaments|Cooper's ligament]] posteriorly
*The distal [[orifice]] (neck of the [[femoral canal]]) has a rigid boundary which is usually less than 1 cm in diameter and is surrounded by:<ref name="pmid4280996">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lytle WJ |title=The inguinal and lacunar ligaments |journal=J. Anat. |volume=118 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=241–51 |year=1974 |pmid=4280996 |pmc=1231505 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18634743">{{cite journal |vauthors=Papanikitas J, Sutcliffe RP, Rohatgi A, Atkinson S |title=Bilateral retrovascular femoral hernia |journal=Ann R Coll Surg Engl |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=423–4 |year=2008 |pmid=18634743 |pmc=2645754 |doi=10.1308/003588408X301235 |url=}}</ref>
**The [[lacunar ligament]] [[medially]]
**The [[inguinal ligament]] [[Anterior|anteriorly]]
**[[Fascia]] of the [[Pectineus muscle|pectineal muscle]] [[Posterior|posteriorly]]
*The rigidity of the structures forming the boundary of the neck of [[femoral canal]] results in femoral hernias' [[strangulation]].


===Pathogenesis===
===Pathogenesis===
*The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
*A [[femoral hernia]] is the protrusion of the [[peritoneal]] sac through the [[femoral ring]] in to the [[femoral canal]], [[posterior]] and inferior to the [[inguinal ligament]], and it is [[medial]] to the [[femoral]] [[vessels]].<ref name="Doherty">{{cite book | last = Doherty | first = Gerard | title = Current diagnosis & treatment : surgery | publisher = Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill | location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0071635158 }}</ref>
OR
*The [[hernia]] sac may contain preperitoneal [[fat]], [[omentum]] or [[small bowel]].<ref name="Doherty" />
*It is understood that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
*Femoral hernias typically have a narrow [[neck]], which predisposes them to incarceration and the need for emergent surgery.<ref name="Doherty" />
*[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
*De Garengeot [[hernia]] is a type of femoral hernia that contains the [[appendix]].<ref name="pmid21442431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Phillips AW, Aspinall SR |title=Appendicitis and Meckel's diverticulum in a femoral hernia: simultaneous De Garengeot and Littre's hernia |journal=Hernia |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=727–9 |year=2012 |pmid=21442431 |doi=10.1007/s10029-011-0812-2 |url=}}</ref>
*Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
*Littre [[hernia]] is an uncommon type of femoral hernia that contains a [[Meckel's diverticulum]].<ref name="pmid21442431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Phillips AW, Aspinall SR |title=Appendicitis and Meckel's diverticulum in a femoral hernia: simultaneous De Garengeot and Littre's hernia |journal=Hernia |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=727–9 |year=2012 |pmid=21442431 |doi=10.1007/s10029-011-0812-2 |url=}}</ref>
*[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
*The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
*The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.


==Genetics==
==Genetics==
*[Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
*[[First degree relative|First degree relatives]] of patients with [[inguinal hernia]] are more susceptible to developing femoral hernia.<ref name="pmid9225924">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liem MS, van der Graaf Y, Beemer FA, van Vroonhoven TJ |title=Increased risk for inguinal hernia in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome |journal=Surgery |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=114–5 |year=1997 |pmid=9225924 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26686553">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jorgenson E, Makki N, Shen L, Chen DC, Tian C, Eckalbar WL, Hinds D, Ahituv N, Avins A |title=A genome-wide association study identifies four novel susceptibility loci underlying inguinal hernia |journal=Nat Commun |volume=6 |issue= |pages=10130 |year=2015 |pmid=26686553 |pmc=4703831 |doi=10.1038/ncomms10130 |url=}}</ref>
*Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include [gene1], [gene2], and [gene3].
*The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations.


==Associated Conditions==
==Associated Conditions==
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]<ref name="pmid9225924">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liem MS, van der Graaf Y, Beemer FA, van Vroonhoven TJ |title=Increased risk for inguinal hernia in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome |journal=Surgery |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=114–5 |year=1997 |pmid=9225924 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27826465">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harrison B, Sanniec K, Janis JE |title=Collagenopathies-Implications for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: A Systematic Review |journal=Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=e1036 |year=2016 |pmid=27826465 |pmc=5096520 |doi=10.1097/GOX.0000000000001036 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22630060">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lei W, Huang J, Luoshang C |title=New minimally invasive technique for repairing femoral hernias: 3-D patch device through a femoris approach |journal=Can J Surg |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=177–80 |year=2012 |pmid=22630060 |pmc=3364305 |doi=10.1503/cjs.030710 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Appendicitis]]<ref name="pmid21442431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Phillips AW, Aspinall SR |title=Appendicitis and Meckel's diverticulum in a femoral hernia: simultaneous De Garengeot and Littre's hernia |journal=Hernia |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=727–9 |year=2012 |pmid=21442431 |doi=10.1007/s10029-011-0812-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22983696">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalles V, Mekras A, Mekras D, Papapanagiotou I, Al-Harethee W, Sotiropoulos G, Liakou P, Kastania A, Piperos T, Mariolis-Sapsakos T |title=De Garengeot's hernia: a comprehensive review |journal=Hernia |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=177–82 |year=2013 |pmid=22983696 |doi=10.1007/s10029-012-0993-3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25073217">{{cite journal |vauthors=Snoekx R, Geyskens P |title=De Garengeot's hernia: acute appendicitis in a femoral hernia. Case report and literature overview |journal=Acta Chir. Belg. |volume=114 |issue=2 |pages=149–51 |year=2014 |pmid=25073217 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28050438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sinraj AP, Anekal N, Rathnakar SK |title=De Garengeot's Hernia - A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=PD19–PD20 |year=2016 |pmid=28050438 |pmc=5198391 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2016/21522.8871 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Meckel's diverticulum]]<ref name="pmid18176301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zacharakis E, Papadopoulos V, Athanasiou T, Ziprin P, Zacharakis E |title=An unusual presentation of Meckel diverticulum as strangulated femoral hernia |journal=South. Med. J. |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=96–8 |year=2008 |pmid=18176301 |doi=10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31815d3c83 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21442431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Phillips AW, Aspinall SR |title=Appendicitis and Meckel's diverticulum in a femoral hernia: simultaneous De Garengeot and Littre's hernia |journal=Hernia |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=727–9 |year=2012 |pmid=21442431 |doi=10.1007/s10029-011-0812-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25309093">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu SY, Ho MH, Hsu SD |title=Meckel's diverticulum incarcerated in a transmesocolic internal hernia |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=37 |pages=13615–9 |year=2014 |pmid=25309093 |pmc=4188914 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13615 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Intestinal obstruction]]<ref name="pmid25309093">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu SY, Ho MH, Hsu SD |title=Meckel's diverticulum incarcerated in a transmesocolic internal hernia |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=37 |pages=13615–9 |year=2014 |pmid=25309093 |pmc=4188914 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13615 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Intestinal volvulus]]<ref name="pmid25309093">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu SY, Ho MH, Hsu SD |title=Meckel's diverticulum incarcerated in a transmesocolic internal hernia |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=37 |pages=13615–9 |year=2014 |pmid=25309093 |pmc=4188914 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13615 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Intussusception]]<ref name="pmid25309093">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu SY, Ho MH, Hsu SD |title=Meckel's diverticulum incarcerated in a transmesocolic internal hernia |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=37 |pages=13615–9 |year=2014 |pmid=25309093 |pmc=4188914 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13615 |url=}}</ref>


==Gross Pathology==
==Gross Pathology==
*On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
*On gross pathology, incarcerated [[bowel]] is a characteristic finding of femoral hernia.<ref name="pmid23794497">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang T, Vajpeyi R |title=Hernia sacs: is histological examination necessary? |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=66 |issue=12 |pages=1084–6 |year=2013 |pmid=23794497 |doi=10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201734 |url=}}</ref>


==Microscopic Pathology==
==Microscopic Pathology==
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
*It is recommended that femoral hernia specimens should be submitted for [[microscopic]] [[histopathological]] analysis, though it is very rare to find a [[malignant]] lesion in a femoral hernia sac.<ref name="pmid23794497">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang T, Vajpeyi R |title=Hernia sacs: is histological examination necessary? |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=66 |issue=12 |pages=1084–6 |year=2013 |pmid=23794497 |doi=10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201734 |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 21:44, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M. Khurram Afzal, MD [2]

Overview

A femoral hernia is the protrusion of the hernia sac through the femoral ring into the femoral canal. The anatomy of the femoral canal is such that the neck is made up of rigid structures that predispose the herniated bowel to strangulation and/or incarceration. The hernia sac contains small bowel which can predispose to intestinal obstruction. Some connective tissue diseases predispose the patient to developing femoral hernia. Malignancy is very rarely associated with femoral hernias, thus, histopathological analysis is done routinely following a repair but shows incarcerated bowel on most occasions.

Pathophysiology

Anatomy

Contents of the Femoral Canal
Source: Henry Vandyke Carter via Wikimedia Commons[1]

Pathogenesis

Genetics

Associated Conditions

Gross Pathology

  • On gross pathology, incarcerated bowel is a characteristic finding of femoral hernia.[19]

Microscopic Pathology

References

  1. ↑ "upload.wikimedia.org".
  2. ↑ Panton JA (1923). "Factors bearing upon the Etiology of Femoral Hernia". J. Anat. 57 (Pt 2): 106–46. PMC 1262989. PMID 17103962.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Lichtenstein, Irving (1986). Hernia repair without disability : a surgical atlas illustrating the anatomy, technique, and physiologic rationale of the "one day" hernia and introducing new concepts : tension-free herniorrhapies. St. Louis: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica. ISBN 0912791306.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 McVay CB (1974). "The anatomic basis for inguinal and femoral hernioplasty". Surg Gynecol Obstet. 139 (6): 931–45. PMID 4278445.
  5. ↑ MCVAY CB (1965). "INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIOPLASTY". Surgery. 57: 615–25. PMID 14275790.
  6. ↑ Lytle WJ (1974). "The inguinal and lacunar ligaments". J. Anat. 118 (Pt 2): 241–51. PMC 1231505. PMID 4280996.
  7. ↑ Papanikitas J, Sutcliffe RP, Rohatgi A, Atkinson S (2008). "Bilateral retrovascular femoral hernia". Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 90 (5): 423–4. doi:10.1308/003588408X301235. PMC 2645754. PMID 18634743.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Doherty, Gerard (2010). Current diagnosis & treatment : surgery. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0071635158.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Phillips AW, Aspinall SR (2012). "Appendicitis and Meckel's diverticulum in a femoral hernia: simultaneous De Garengeot and Littre's hernia". Hernia. 16 (6): 727–9. doi:10.1007/s10029-011-0812-2. PMID 21442431.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Liem MS, van der Graaf Y, Beemer FA, van Vroonhoven TJ (1997). "Increased risk for inguinal hernia in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome". Surgery. 122 (1): 114–5. PMID 9225924.
  11. ↑ Jorgenson E, Makki N, Shen L, Chen DC, Tian C, Eckalbar WL, Hinds D, Ahituv N, Avins A (2015). "A genome-wide association study identifies four novel susceptibility loci underlying inguinal hernia". Nat Commun. 6: 10130. doi:10.1038/ncomms10130. PMC 4703831. PMID 26686553.
  12. ↑ Harrison B, Sanniec K, Janis JE (2016). "Collagenopathies-Implications for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: A Systematic Review". Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 4 (10): e1036. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000001036. PMC 5096520. PMID 27826465.
  13. ↑ Lei W, Huang J, Luoshang C (2012). "New minimally invasive technique for repairing femoral hernias: 3-D patch device through a femoris approach". Can J Surg. 55 (3): 177–80. doi:10.1503/cjs.030710. PMC 3364305. PMID 22630060.
  14. ↑ Kalles V, Mekras A, Mekras D, Papapanagiotou I, Al-Harethee W, Sotiropoulos G, Liakou P, Kastania A, Piperos T, Mariolis-Sapsakos T (2013). "De Garengeot's hernia: a comprehensive review". Hernia. 17 (2): 177–82. doi:10.1007/s10029-012-0993-3. PMID 22983696.
  15. ↑ Snoekx R, Geyskens P (2014). "De Garengeot's hernia: acute appendicitis in a femoral hernia. Case report and literature overview". Acta Chir. Belg. 114 (2): 149–51. PMID 25073217.
  16. ↑ Sinraj AP, Anekal N, Rathnakar SK (2016). "De Garengeot's Hernia - A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge". J Clin Diagn Res. 10 (11): PD19–PD20. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/21522.8871. PMC 5198391. PMID 28050438.
  17. ↑ Zacharakis E, Papadopoulos V, Athanasiou T, Ziprin P, Zacharakis E (2008). "An unusual presentation of Meckel diverticulum as strangulated femoral hernia". South. Med. J. 101 (1): 96–8. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31815d3c83. PMID 18176301.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Wu SY, Ho MH, Hsu SD (2014). "Meckel's diverticulum incarcerated in a transmesocolic internal hernia". World J. Gastroenterol. 20 (37): 13615–9. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13615. PMC 4188914. PMID 25309093.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Wang T, Vajpeyi R (2013). "Hernia sacs: is histological examination necessary?". J. Clin. Pathol. 66 (12): 1084–6. doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201734. PMID 23794497.

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