Gynecomastia other diagnostic studies: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Gynecomastia is diagnosed clinically after a thorough history and physical examination. Laboratory investigations and imaging studies can be helpful in the diagnosis of gynecomastia. Other diagnostic study in the work up for gynecomastia include biopsy, which helps to confirm the [[diagnosis]] of [[breast cancer]].
Gynecomastia is diagnosed clinically after a thorough history and physical examination.If a malignant cause is suspicious during gynecomastia work up, a biopsy from the breast tissue may be helpful to confirm or rule out [[breast cancer]] diagnosis.
==Other Diagnostic Studies==
==Other Diagnostic Studies==
=== Biopsy ===
=== Biopsy ===
* [[Fine-needle aspiration]] biopsy findings associated with gynecomastia include the [[proliferation]] of the [[ducts]] and increase in [[connective tissue]].<ref name="pmid24741509">{{cite journal| author=Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B| title=Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management. | journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-8 | pmid=24741509 | doi=10.4103/2230-8210.129104 | pmc=3987263 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24741509  }} </ref>
[[Fine-needle aspiration]] biopsy findings associated with gynecomastia include:<ref name="pmid24741509">{{cite journal| author=Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B| title=Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management. | journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-8 | pmid=24741509 | doi=10.4103/2230-8210.129104 | pmc=3987263 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24741509  }} </ref>
* Long standing gynecomastia may show hyalinization of the [[stroma]] and [[fibrosis]] along with an increase in the number of ducts.<ref name="pmid24741509">{{cite journal| author=Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B| title=Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management. | journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-8 | pmid=24741509 | doi=10.4103/2230-8210.129104 | pmc=3987263 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24741509  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24741509">{{cite journal| author=Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B| title=Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management. | journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-8 | pmid=24741509 | doi=10.4103/2230-8210.129104 | pmc=3987263 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24741509  }} </ref>
* [[proliferation]] of breast [[ducts]]
* In gynecomastia, a [[biopsy]] is done to confirm [[breast cancer]] if there are suspicious findings on [[imaging]] or [[clinical examination]].<ref name="pmid20871489">{{cite journal| author=Koshy JC, Goldberg JS, Wolfswinkel EM, Ge Y, Heller L| title=Breast cancer incidence in adolescent males undergoing subcutaneous mastectomy for gynecomastia: is pathologic examination justified? A retrospective and literature review. | journal=Plast Reconstr Surg | year= 2011 | volume= 127 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-7 | pmid=20871489 | doi=10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181f9581c | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20871489  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11309781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Westenend PJ, Sever AR, Beekman-De Volder HJ, Liem SJ |title=A comparison of aspiration cytology and core needle biopsy in the evaluation of breast lesions |journal=Cancer |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=146–50 |year=2001 |pmid=11309781 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8405632">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rotten D, Levaillant JM, Leridon H, Letessier A, Sandres M |title=Ultrasonographically guided fine needle aspiration cytology and core-needle biopsy in the diagnosis of breast tumors |journal=Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=175–86 |year=1993 |pmid=8405632 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Increase in [[connective tissue]]
Long standing gynecomastia may show hyalinization of the [[stroma]] and [[fibrosis]] along with an increase in the number of ducts.<ref name="pmid24741509">{{cite journal| author=Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B| title=Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management. | journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-8 | pmid=24741509 | doi=10.4103/2230-8210.129104 | pmc=3987263 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24741509  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24741509">{{cite journal| author=Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B| title=Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management. | journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab | year= 2014 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-8 | pmid=24741509 | doi=10.4103/2230-8210.129104 | pmc=3987263 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24741509  }} </ref>
 
In gynecomastia, a [[biopsy]] should be done to confirm [[breast cancer]], if there are suspicious findings on [[imaging]] or [[clinical examination]].<ref name="pmid20871489">{{cite journal| author=Koshy JC, Goldberg JS, Wolfswinkel EM, Ge Y, Heller L| title=Breast cancer incidence in adolescent males undergoing subcutaneous mastectomy for gynecomastia: is pathologic examination justified? A retrospective and literature review. | journal=Plast Reconstr Surg | year= 2011 | volume= 127 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-7 | pmid=20871489 | doi=10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181f9581c | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20871489  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11309781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Westenend PJ, Sever AR, Beekman-De Volder HJ, Liem SJ |title=A comparison of aspiration cytology and core needle biopsy in the evaluation of breast lesions |journal=Cancer |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=146–50 |year=2001 |pmid=11309781 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8405632">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rotten D, Levaillant JM, Leridon H, Letessier A, Sandres M |title=Ultrasonographically guided fine needle aspiration cytology and core-needle biopsy in the diagnosis of breast tumors |journal=Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=175–86 |year=1993 |pmid=8405632 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 23:56, 15 November 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]

Overview

Gynecomastia is diagnosed clinically after a thorough history and physical examination.If a malignant cause is suspicious during gynecomastia work up, a biopsy from the breast tissue may be helpful to confirm or rule out breast cancer diagnosis.

Other Diagnostic Studies

Biopsy

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy findings associated with gynecomastia include:[1]

Long standing gynecomastia may show hyalinization of the stroma and fibrosis along with an increase in the number of ducts.[1][1]

In gynecomastia, a biopsy should be done to confirm breast cancer, if there are suspicious findings on imaging or clinical examination.[2][3][4]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B (2014). "Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management". Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 18 (2): 150–8. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.129104. PMC 3987263. PMID 24741509.
  2. Koshy JC, Goldberg JS, Wolfswinkel EM, Ge Y, Heller L (2011). "Breast cancer incidence in adolescent males undergoing subcutaneous mastectomy for gynecomastia: is pathologic examination justified? A retrospective and literature review". Plast Reconstr Surg. 127 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181f9581c. PMID 20871489.
  3. Westenend PJ, Sever AR, Beekman-De Volder HJ, Liem SJ (2001). "A comparison of aspiration cytology and core needle biopsy in the evaluation of breast lesions". Cancer. 93 (2): 146–50. PMID 11309781.
  4. Rotten D, Levaillant JM, Leridon H, Letessier A, Sandres M (1993). "Ultrasonographically guided fine needle aspiration cytology and core-needle biopsy in the diagnosis of breast tumors". Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 49 (3): 175–86. PMID 8405632.

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