Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Conjunctivitis accounts for 1% of all primary care and emergency room visits.
Conjunctivitis accounts for 1% of all primary care and emergency room visits. The incidence of viral conjunctivitis is approximately 80,000 per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis. Viral conjunctivitis more commonly affects adults while bacterial conjunctivitis more commonly affects children.
The [[prevalence]] of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patient’s age, as well as the season of the year..<ref name="pmid8333258">{{cite journal| author=Hørven I| title=Acute conjunctivitis. A comparison of fusidic acid viscous eye drops and chloramphenicol. | journal=Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) | year= 1993 | volume= 71 | issue= 2 | pages= 165-8 | pmid=8333258 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8333258  }} </ref>


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
 
===Prevalence and Incidence===
===Prevalence===
*The [[prevalence]] and [[incidence]] of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patient’s age, as well as the season of the year.<ref name="pmid17970823">{{cite journal| author=Høvding G| title=Acute bacterial conjunctivitis. | journal=Acta Ophthalmol | year= 2008 | volume= 86 | issue= 1 | pages= 5-17 | pmid=17970823 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.01006.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17970823  }} </ref>
 
====Infective Conjunctivitis====
The [[prevalence]] of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patient’s age, as well as the season of the year.
*The incidence of viral conjunctivitis is approximately 80,000 per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis.  
 
*The incidence of viral conjunctivitis caused by adenoviruses approximately ranges from 65,000 to 90,000 cases per 100,000 cases with viral conjunctivitis .
[[Viruses]] cause up to 80,000 per 100,000 persons of all cases of acute conjunctivitis. ''[[Adenoviruses]]'' cause between 65,000 per 100,000 persons to 90,000 per 100,000 persons of all cases of '''viral conjunctivitis'''. ''[[Herpes simplex virus]]'' comprises 1,300 per 100,000 persons to 4,800  per 100,000 persons of all cases of acute conjunctivitis.<ref name="pmid8333258">{{cite journal| author=Hørven I| title=Acute conjunctivitis. A comparison of fusidic acid viscous eye drops and chloramphenicol. | journal=Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) | year= 1993 | volume= 71 | issue= 2 | pages= 165-8 | pmid=8333258 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8333258 }} </ref>
*The incidence of viral conjunctivitis caused by [[herpes simplex virus|herpes simplex virus (HSV)]] ranges from 1,300 to 4,800 cases per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis.<ref name="pmid10922425">{{cite journal| author=Leibowitz HM| title=The red eye. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 343 | issue= 5 | pages= 345-51 | pmid=10922425 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200008033430507 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10922425  }} </ref>
 
*The incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis was estimated to be 1,350 cases per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis.<ref name="pmid19939250">{{cite journal| author=Smith AF, Waycaster C| title=Estimate of the direct and indirect annual cost of bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States. | journal=BMC Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= | pages= 13 | pmid=19939250 | doi=10.1186/1471-2415-9-13 | pmc=2791746 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19939250 }} </ref>
Worldwide, '''neonatal conjunctivitis''' or [[ophthalmia neonatorum]] still blinds approximately 10,000 babies annually.<ref name="pmid8771523">{{cite journal| author=Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Wood M| title=The influence of perinatal infective factors on ophthalmia neonatorum. | journal=J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus | year= 1996 | volume= 33 | issue= 3 | pages= 185-8 | pmid=8771523 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8771523  }} </ref>
====Neonatal Conjunctivitis====
 
*Worldwide, neonatal conjunctivitis or [[ophthalmia neonatorum]] still blinds approximately 10,000 babies annually.<ref name="pmid8771523">{{cite journal| author=Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Wood M| title=The influence of perinatal infective factors on ophthalmia neonatorum. | journal=J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus | year= 1996 | volume= 33 | issue= 3 | pages= 185-8 | pmid=8771523 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8771523  }} </ref>
'''Allergic conjunctivitis''' alone has been estimated from a low of 6,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 30,000 per 100,000 persons of the general population. Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent form; however, studies from tertiary, ophthalmology referral centers report that the chronic forms, such as vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis, are the most frequently seen by ophthalmologists.<ref name="pmid26258920">{{cite journal| author=Leonardi A, Castegnaro A, Valerio AL, Lazzarini D| title=Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis: clinical appearance and treatment patterns in a population-based study. | journal=Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue= 5 | pages= 482-8 | pmid=26258920 | doi=10.1097/ACI.0000000000000204 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26258920  }} </ref>
====Allergic Conjunctivitis====
*The prevalence of  [[allergic conjunctivitis]] is estimated to range from 6,000 to 40,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually.<ref name="pmid26258920">{{cite journal| author=Leonardi A, Castegnaro A, Valerio AL, Lazzarini D| title=Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis: clinical appearance and treatment patterns in a population-based study. | journal=Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue= 5 | pages= 482-8 | pmid=26258920 | doi=10.1097/ACI.0000000000000204 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26258920  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21785348">Rosario N, Bielory L (2011) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21785348 Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis.] ''Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol'' 11 (5):471-6. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e32834a9676 DOI:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32834a9676] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/21785348 21785348]</ref>
'''keraroconjunctivitis' sicca''' or [[Dry eye syndrome]] is very common, the prevalence estimates range from approximately a low of 10,000 per 100,000 cases to a high of 30,000 per 100,000 cases.
====Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca====  
 
*The prevalence of [[keratoconjunctivitis sicca|keratoconjunctivitis sicca (Dry eye syndrome)]] approximately ranges from 10,000 to 30,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually.<ref name="pmid12888056">{{cite journal| author=Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Buring JE, Dana MR| title=Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women. | journal=Am J Ophthalmol | year= 2003 | volume= 136 | issue= 2 | pages= 318-26 | pmid=12888056 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12888056 }} </ref>
 
===Incidence===
The [[incidence]] of '''infective conjunctivitis''' is higher in children <1 year old (8,000 cases per 100,000 patient-years) than in children >4 years of age (1,200 cases per 100,000 patient-years).
 
The incidence of '''bacterial conjunctivitis''' was estimated to be 1,350 cases per 100,000 individuals.
 
The incidence of '''neonatal conjunctivitis''' ranges from a low of 1,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 2,000 per 100,000 persons.<ref name="pmid2877285">{{cite journal| author=Laga M, Plummer FA, Nzanze H, Namaara W, Brunham RC, Ndinya-Achola JO et al.| title=Epidemiology of ophthalmia neonatorum in Kenya. | journal=Lancet | year= 1986 | volume= 2 | issue= 8516 | pages= 1145-9 | pmid=2877285 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2877285 }} </ref>  
 
===Age===
===Age===
While '''viral conjunctivitis''' is more common in adults, bacterial conjunctivitis is more common in children.<ref name="pmid5993231">{{cite journal| author=Arsov D, Hrisoho D, Guceva B, Popovski B| title=[Renese in the treatment of the edematous syndrome]. | journal=God Zb Med Fak Skopje | year= 1966 | volume= 13 | issue= | pages= 353-8 | pmid=5993231 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5993231  }} </ref>
*'''Viral conjunctivitis''' commonly affects adults, and '''bacterial conjunctivitis''' commonly affects children.
In the United States, the incidence of '''bacterial conjunctivitis''' is 23,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 0-2 year age range), 28,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 3-9 year range), 13,000 per 100,000 cases(in the 10-19 year range) with the remaining 36,000 per 100,000 cases (in adults).<ref name="pmid19939250">{{cite journal| author=Smith AF, Waycaster C| title=Estimate of the direct and indirect annual cost of bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States. | journal=BMC Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= | pages= 13 | pmid=19939250 | doi=10.1186/1471-2415-9-13 | pmc=2791746 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19939250 }} </ref>
*The [[incidence]] of '''infective conjunctivitis''' is higher in children <1 year old (8,000 cases per 100,000 patient) than in children >4 years of age (1,200 cases per 100,000 patient).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rose P |title=Management strategies for acute infective conjunctivitis in primary care: a systematic review |journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=1903–21 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17696792 |doi=10.1517/14656566.8.12.1903 |url=}}</ref>
 
*Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), an '''allergic conjunctivitis''' subtype, commonly affects young males.<ref name="pmid15069427">{{cite journal| author=Bonini S, Coassin M, Aronni S, Lambiase A| title=Vernal keratoconjunctivitis. | journal=Eye (Lond) | year= 2004 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 345-51 | pmid=15069427 | doi=10.1038/sj.eye.6700675 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15069427 }} </ref>
'''keraroconjunctivitis' sicca''' or Dry eye syndrome affecting a significant percentage of the population, especially those older than 40 years.<ref name="pmid19506195">{{cite journal| author=Schaumberg DA, Dana R, Buring JE, Sullivan DA| title=Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 127 | issue= 6 | pages= 763-8 | pmid=19506195 | doi=10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.103 | pmc=2836718 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19506195  }} </ref>
*'''Keraroconjunctivitis sicca''' commonly affects patients older than 40 years.<ref name="pmid19506195">{{cite journal| author=Schaumberg DA, Dana R, Buring JE, Sullivan DA| title=Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 127 | issue= 6 | pages= 763-8 | pmid=19506195 | doi=10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.103 | pmc=2836718 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19506195  }} </ref>
 
*'''[[Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis|Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)]]'''  commonly affects middle-aged people (around the sixth decade of life).<ref name="pmid11914237">{{cite journal| author=Watson S, Tullo AB, Carley F| title=Treatment of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis with a unilateral bandage contact lens. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2002 | volume= 86 | issue= 4 | pages= 485-6 | pmid=11914237 | doi= | pmc=1771108 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11914237 }} </ref>
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is an allergic eye disease that especially affects young boys.<ref name="pmid15069427">{{cite journal| author=Bonini S, Coassin M, Aronni S, Lambiase A| title=Vernal keratoconjunctivitis. | journal=Eye (Lond) | year= 2004 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 345-51 | pmid=15069427 | doi=10.1038/sj.eye.6700675 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15069427 }} </ref>
 
Giant papillary conjunctivitis, '''allergic conjunctivitis''' subtype, can be more aggressive in children who wear contact lenses.
 
===Gender===
===Gender===
'''Infective Conjunctivitis''' occurs equally in males and females.
*'''Infective Conjunctivitis''' occurs equally in males and females.<ref name="pmid2797725">{{cite journal| author=Fitch CP, Rapoza PA, Owens S, Murillo-Lopez F, Johnson RA, Quinn TC et al.| title=Epidemiology and diagnosis of acute conjunctivitis at an inner-city hospital. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 1989 | volume= 96 | issue= 8 | pages= 1215-20 | pmid=2797725 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2797725  }} </ref>
*The incidence of '''neonatal conjunctivitis''' does not vary by gender.<ref name="pmid26236350">{{cite journal| author=Moore DL, MacDonald NE, Canadian Paediatric Society, Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee| title=Preventing ophthalmia neonatorum. | journal=Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol | year= 2015 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 122-5 | pmid=26236350 | doi= | pmc=4507834 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26236350  }} </ref>
*Women are more commonly affected with '''keratoconjunctivitis sicca''' associated with [[Sjögren's syndrome]] than men. The  female to male ratio is approximately 9 to 1.<ref name="pmid17508117">{{cite journal| author=| title=The epidemiology of dry eye disease: report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). | journal=Ocul Surf | year= 2007 | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 93-107 | pmid=17508117 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17508117  }} </ref>
*Women are more commonly affected with [[superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis|Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)]] than men. The  female to male ratio is approximately 3 to 1.<ref name="pmid2695351">{{cite journal| author=Nelson JD| title=Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK). | journal=Eye (Lond) | year= 1989 | volume= 3 ( Pt 2) | issue=  | pages= 180-9 | pmid=2695351 | doi=10.1038/eye.1989.26 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2695351  }} </ref>


Incidence of [[Sjögren's syndrome]] and '''keratoconjunctivitis sicca''' associated with it are present much more commonly in women, with a ratio of 9:1. In addition, milder forms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca also are more common in women, an estimated 3.23 million women and 1.68 million men aged 50 years and older are affected. This is partly because hormonal changes, such as those that occur in pregnancy, menstruation, and menopause, can decrease tear production.<ref name="pmid20082509">{{cite journal| author=Cronau H, Kankanala RR, Mauger T| title=Diagnosis and management of red eye in primary care. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2010 | volume= 81 | issue= 2 | pages= 137-44 | pmid=20082509 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20082509  }} </ref>
'''Giant papillary conjunctivitis''' occurs equally in males and females.
===Race===
===Race===
'''Infective conjunctivitis''' occurs in persons of all races.
*The prevalence of '''Infective conjunctivitis''' does not vary by race.<ref name="pmid19552618">{{cite journal| author=O'Brien TP, Jeng BH, McDonald M, Raizman MB| title=Acute conjunctivitis: truth and misconceptions. | journal=Curr Med Res Opin | year= 2009 | volume= 25 | issue= 8 | pages= 1953-61 | pmid=19552618 | doi=10.1185/03007990903038269 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19552618 }} </ref>
 
*'''Vernal keraroconjunctivitis''' commonly affects dark-skinned individuals from Africa and India.<ref name="pmid18356259">{{cite journal| author=Bremond-Gignac D, Donadieu J, Leonardi A, Pouliquen P, Doan S, Chiambarretta F et al.| title=Prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a rare disease? | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2008 | volume= 92 | issue= 8 | pages= 1097-102 | pmid=18356259 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2007.117812 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18356259  }} </ref>
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis occurs predominantly in areas with tropical and temperate climates, such as the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Africa.
*'''Keraroconjunctivitis sicca''' usually affects individuals of the Hispanic and Asian populations.<ref name="pmid10980773">{{cite journal| author=Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE| title=Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2000 | volume= 118 | issue= 9 | pages= 1264-8 | pmid=10980773 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10980773  }} </ref>
 
The frequency and the clinical diagnosis of '''dry eye syndrome''' appear to be greater in the Hispanic and Asian populations than in whites.<ref name="pmid10980773">{{cite journal| author=Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE| title=Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2000 | volume= 118 | issue= 9 | pages= 1264-8 | pmid=10980773 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10980773 }} </ref>
 
'''Vernal keraroconjunctivitis''' commonly occurs in dark-skinned individuals from Africa and India.<ref name="pmid18356259">{{cite journal| author=Bremond-Gignac D, Donadieu J, Leonardi A, Pouliquen P, Doan S, Chiambarretta F et al.| title=Prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a rare disease? | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2008 | volume= 92 | issue= 8 | pages= 1097-102 | pmid=18356259 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2007.117812 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18356259  }} </ref>
 
===Developed Countries===
===Developed Countries===
'''Infective conjunctivitis''' is a common disease in the United States and worldwide.
[[Prevalence]] of '''neonatal conjunctivitis''' has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of [[silver nitrate]] as topical prophylaxis. Current prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis in developed countries are 5 per 1,000 live births.<ref name="pmid24150468">{{cite journal| author=Azari AA, Barney NP| title=Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 310 | issue= 16 | pages= 1721-9 | pmid=24150468 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.280318 | pmc=4049531 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24150468 }} </ref>
 
*In Belgium and the Netherlands, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis due to [[gonococcal]] infection was estimated 0.04 per 1,000 live births.<ref name="pmid25606121">{{cite journal| author=Mallika P, Asok T, Faisal H, Aziz S, Tan A, Intan G| title=Neonatal conjunctivitis - a review. | journal=Malays Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 77-81 | pmid=25606121 | doi= | pmc=4170304 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25606121  }} </ref>
Prevalence of '''neonatal conjunctivitis''' has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of silver nitrate as topical prophylaxis. Current estimates of prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis in developed countries are < 0.5%.<ref name="pmid24150468">{{cite journal| author=Azari AA, Barney NP| title=Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 310 | issue= 16 | pages= 1721-9 | pmid=24150468 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.280318 | pmc=4049531 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24150468  }} </ref>
*In the United States, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis due to [[gonococcal]] infection was estiamted 0.3 per 1,000 live births.
*In the United States, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by [[chlamydial]] infection was estimated 5 to 60 cases per 1,000 live births.
*In the United Kingdom, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by [[chlamydial]] infection was estimated 4 cases per 1,000 live births.<ref name="pmid11285676">{{cite journal| author=Schaller UC, Klauss V| title=Is Credé's prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum still valid? | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 2001 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 262-3 | pmid=11285676 | doi= | pmc=2566367 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11285676  }} </ref>
*In the United States, the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis is 23,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 0-2 year age range), 28,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 3-9 year range), 13,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 10-19 year range) with the remaining 36,000 per 100,000 cases (in adults).<ref name="pmid21718563">{{cite journal| author=Epling J| title=Bacterial conjunctivitis. | journal=BMJ Clin Evid | year= 2010 | volume= 2010 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=21718563 | doi= | pmc=2907624 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21718563 }} </ref>


===Developing Countries===
===Developing Countries===
Bacterial conjunctivitis is the most common cause of '''infective conjunctivitis''' in developing countries. In developing nations, the incidence of '''bacterial conjunctivitis''' is continuing to decrease.
*In developing countries, the [[incidence]] of '''bacterial conjunctivitis''' is continuing to decrease.
 
In developing countries/ Bangladesh, the periodic rises (during the monsoon seasons) in incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis are seen.


In developing countries/ Africa, the incidence of  '''neonatal conjunctivitis''' is still high. In Pakistan, prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis is 17% among newborn infants.<ref name="pmid11285676">{{cite journal| author=Schaller UC, Klauss V| title=Is Credé's prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum still valid? | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 2001 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 262-3 | pmid=11285676 | doi= | pmc=2566367 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11285676  }} </ref>
*In the Africa, the incidence of  '''neonatal conjunctivitis''' is still high.<ref name="pmid11285676">{{cite journal| author=Schaller UC, Klauss V| title=Is Credé's prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum still valid? | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 2001 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 262-3 | pmid=11285676 | doi= | pmc=2566367 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11285676  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 21:07, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

Conjunctivitis accounts for 1% of all primary care and emergency room visits. The incidence of viral conjunctivitis is approximately 80,000 per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis. Viral conjunctivitis more commonly affects adults while bacterial conjunctivitis more commonly affects children.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence and Incidence

  • The prevalence and incidence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patient’s age, as well as the season of the year.[1]

Infective Conjunctivitis

  • The incidence of viral conjunctivitis is approximately 80,000 per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis.
  • The incidence of viral conjunctivitis caused by adenoviruses approximately ranges from 65,000 to 90,000 cases per 100,000 cases with viral conjunctivitis .
  • The incidence of viral conjunctivitis caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) ranges from 1,300 to 4,800 cases per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis.[2]
  • The incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis was estimated to be 1,350 cases per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis.[3]

Neonatal Conjunctivitis

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

Age

  • Viral conjunctivitis commonly affects adults, and bacterial conjunctivitis commonly affects children.
  • The incidence of infective conjunctivitis is higher in children <1 year old (8,000 cases per 100,000 patient) than in children >4 years of age (1,200 cases per 100,000 patient).[8]
  • Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), an allergic conjunctivitis subtype, commonly affects young males.[9]
  • Keraroconjunctivitis sicca commonly affects patients older than 40 years.[10]
  • Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) commonly affects middle-aged people (around the sixth decade of life).[11]

Gender

  • Infective Conjunctivitis occurs equally in males and females.[12]
  • The incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis does not vary by gender.[13]
  • Women are more commonly affected with keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with Sjögren's syndrome than men. The female to male ratio is approximately 9 to 1.[14]
  • Women are more commonly affected with Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) than men. The female to male ratio is approximately 3 to 1.[15]

Race

  • The prevalence of Infective conjunctivitis does not vary by race.[16]
  • Vernal keraroconjunctivitis commonly affects dark-skinned individuals from Africa and India.[17]
  • Keraroconjunctivitis sicca usually affects individuals of the Hispanic and Asian populations.[18]

Developed Countries

Prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of silver nitrate as topical prophylaxis. Current prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis in developed countries are 5 per 1,000 live births.[19]

  • In Belgium and the Netherlands, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis due to gonococcal infection was estimated 0.04 per 1,000 live births.[20]
  • In the United States, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis due to gonococcal infection was estiamted 0.3 per 1,000 live births.
  • In the United States, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by chlamydial infection was estimated 5 to 60 cases per 1,000 live births.
  • In the United Kingdom, the prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by chlamydial infection was estimated 4 cases per 1,000 live births.[21]
  • In the United States, the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis is 23,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 0-2 year age range), 28,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 3-9 year range), 13,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 10-19 year range) with the remaining 36,000 per 100,000 cases (in adults).[22]

Developing Countries

  • In developing countries, the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis is continuing to decrease.
  • In the Africa, the incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis is still high.[21]

References

  1. ↑ Høvding G (2008). "Acute bacterial conjunctivitis". Acta Ophthalmol. 86 (1): 5–17. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.01006.x. PMID 17970823.
  2. ↑ Leibowitz HM (2000). "The red eye". N Engl J Med. 343 (5): 345–51. doi:10.1056/NEJM200008033430507. PMID 10922425.
  3. ↑ Smith AF, Waycaster C (2009). "Estimate of the direct and indirect annual cost of bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States". BMC Ophthalmol. 9: 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-9-13. PMC 2791746. PMID 19939250.
  4. ↑ Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Wood M (1996). "The influence of perinatal infective factors on ophthalmia neonatorum". J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 33 (3): 185–8. PMID 8771523.
  5. ↑ Leonardi A, Castegnaro A, Valerio AL, Lazzarini D (2015). "Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis: clinical appearance and treatment patterns in a population-based study". Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 15 (5): 482–8. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000204. PMID 26258920.
  6. ↑ Rosario N, Bielory L (2011) Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 11 (5):471-6. DOI:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32834a9676 PMID: 21785348
  7. ↑ Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Buring JE, Dana MR (2003). "Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women". Am J Ophthalmol. 136 (2): 318–26. PMID 12888056.
  8. ↑ Rose P (2007). "Management strategies for acute infective conjunctivitis in primary care: a systematic review". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 8 (12): 1903–21. doi:10.1517/14656566.8.12.1903. PMID 17696792. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Bonini S, Coassin M, Aronni S, Lambiase A (2004). "Vernal keratoconjunctivitis". Eye (Lond). 18 (4): 345–51. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700675. PMID 15069427.
  10. ↑ Schaumberg DA, Dana R, Buring JE, Sullivan DA (2009). "Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies". Arch Ophthalmol. 127 (6): 763–8. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.103. PMC 2836718. PMID 19506195.
  11. ↑ Watson S, Tullo AB, Carley F (2002). "Treatment of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis with a unilateral bandage contact lens". Br J Ophthalmol. 86 (4): 485–6. PMC 1771108. PMID 11914237.
  12. ↑ Fitch CP, Rapoza PA, Owens S, Murillo-Lopez F, Johnson RA, Quinn TC; et al. (1989). "Epidemiology and diagnosis of acute conjunctivitis at an inner-city hospital". Ophthalmology. 96 (8): 1215–20. PMID 2797725.
  13. ↑ Moore DL, MacDonald NE, Canadian Paediatric Society, Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee (2015). "Preventing ophthalmia neonatorum". Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 26 (3): 122–5. PMC 4507834. PMID 26236350.
  14. ↑ "The epidemiology of dry eye disease: report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007)". Ocul Surf. 5 (2): 93–107. 2007. PMID 17508117.
  15. ↑ Nelson JD (1989). "Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)". Eye (Lond). 3 ( Pt 2): 180–9. doi:10.1038/eye.1989.26. PMID 2695351.
  16. ↑ O'Brien TP, Jeng BH, McDonald M, Raizman MB (2009). "Acute conjunctivitis: truth and misconceptions". Curr Med Res Opin. 25 (8): 1953–61. doi:10.1185/03007990903038269. PMID 19552618.
  17. ↑ Bremond-Gignac D, Donadieu J, Leonardi A, Pouliquen P, Doan S, Chiambarretta F; et al. (2008). "Prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a rare disease?". Br J Ophthalmol. 92 (8): 1097–102. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.117812. PMID 18356259.
  18. ↑ Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE (2000). "Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome". Arch Ophthalmol. 118 (9): 1264–8. PMID 10980773.
  19. ↑ Azari AA, Barney NP (2013). "Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment". JAMA. 310 (16): 1721–9. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318. PMC 4049531. PMID 24150468.
  20. ↑ Mallika P, Asok T, Faisal H, Aziz S, Tan A, Intan G (2008). "Neonatal conjunctivitis - a review". Malays Fam Physician. 3 (2): 77–81. PMC 4170304. PMID 25606121.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Schaller UC, Klauss V (2001). "Is Credé's prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum still valid?". Bull World Health Organ. 79 (3): 262–3. PMC 2566367. PMID 11285676.
  22. ↑ Epling J (2010). "Bacterial conjunctivitis". BMJ Clin Evid. 2010. PMC 2907624. PMID 21718563.


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